Notes

History of the Internet
Internet- electronic communication network that connects computer networks and organizational computer facilities around the world.
The Internet had its roots during the 1960s as a project of the United States Government’s Department of Defense, to create a non-centralized network.
ARPA-
February 7, 1958, was the day Secretary of Defense Neil McElroy signed Department of Defense Directive 5105.15.
His signature launched the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), now known as the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
The creation of the agency is an important moment in science history because it led to the creation of the internet we recognize today.

ARPANET - (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network),
Created by the Pentagon's Advanced Research Projects Agency established in 1969
•to provide a secure and survivable communications network for organizations
engaged in defense-related research.
•The first workable prototype of the Internet came in the late 1960s with the creation of ARPANET, or the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. Originally funded by the U.S. Department of Defense,
•ARPANET used packet switching to allow multiple computers to communicate on a single network. The technology continued to grow in the 1970s after scientists
IP - (Internet Protocol)
•technology which defined how electronic messages were packaged, addressed, and sent over the network.

TCP/IP - invented in 1977 (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).
•Allowed users to link various branches of other complex networks directly to the ARPANET, which soon came to be called the Internet.
•ARPANET adopted TCP/IP on January 1, 1983
•Robert Kahn and Vinton Cerf developed Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol, or TCP/IP, a communications model that set standards for how data could be transmitted between multiple networks.
•ARPANET adopted TCP/IP on January 1, 1983, and from there, researchers began to assemble the “network of networks” that became the modern Internet.

To make the network more global a new sophisticated and standard protocol was needed.

NSF - National Science Foundation,
•In 1985, NSF began a program to establish Internet access across the United States which had created a similar and parallel network, called:
NSFNet took over much of the TCP/IP technology.
•Also called as the backbone of NSF
•Opened their doors to all educational facilities, academic researchers, government agencies, and international research organizations.
By the 1990s the Internet experienced explosive growth.

MOSAIC
Marc Andreessen and his team invented Mosaic (original NCSA page),
•the first popular Web browser, which greatly helped spread use and knowledge of the web across the world.

In 1992, Joseph Hardin and Dave Thompson worked at the NCSA (National Center for Supercomputer Applications), a research institute at the University of Illinois. When they heard about Tim Berners-Lee's work, they downloaded the ViolaWWW browser and then demonstrated the web to NCSA's Software Design Group by connecting to the webserver at CERN over the Internet. The group was duly impressed.

NETSCAPE
•Netscape is a brand name associated with the development of the Netscape web browser.
•It is now owned by Verizon Media, a subsidiary of Verizon.
•The browser was once dominant but lost to Internet Explorer and other competitors after the so-called first browser war, its market share falling from more than 90 percent in the mid-1990s to less than 1 percent in 2006.
•Netscape is credited with creating the JavaScript programming language, the most widely used language for client-side scripting of web pages

WWW - (The World Wide Web) commonly known as the Web,
•1989 - English scientist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web
•is an information system where documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators which may be interlinked by hypertext and are accessible over the Internet. The resources of the WWW may be accessed by users by a software application called a web browser.

World wide web
www, W3, or simply the web
One of the services that use the internet.
A collection of interlinked information that is stored in computers around the world

The web uses the client-server concept
•Client - software program of a computer that requests information from another software program to another computer
•Server – a software program that interacts with client's software in a client-server environment. It responds to requests for information from the client's computer.

Common terms associated with the internet

Internet - Global connection of computer

Address
Refers to any of the two things:
1.e-mail address of the user
2.URL address of the website


Browser
A software that allows users to access and navigate the world wide web
Chat room
A theoretical room in cyberspace where individuals with similar interests “meet together” to converse with each other in real-time.
Download
The process of receiving a file or information from a remote server computer
Upload
Sending of information from the local computer to a remote server computer
E-mail
Short term for “electronic mail”.
Any method of creating, transmitting, or storing primarily textbased human communications with digital communications systems.
Homepage
The first of main page of a site on the world wide web
The first web page to appear upon launching the web browser.
HTML
Hypertext markup language
Scripting language widely used in creating web pages,
Lurking
Visiting a newsgroup without participating in the discussion


Private message
A process of sending and receiving personal information from one source to at least one recipient
Spam
Electronic junk mail or bulk
Unsolicited e-mail messages sent to many users
Text editor
A program or software where the source code of html is typed.
Ex. Notepad, wordpad or ms word
Web page
A document or resource of information that is suitable for the world wide web and can be accessed through a web browser and can be displayed on a computer screen
Website
A collection of related web pages, images, videos, or other digital assets that are hosted on a web server which is usually accessible via the internet

Typical Types of Internet Connection

Dial-up connections
A temporary connection that uses one or more standard telephone lines for communication.
Speed range 2400 bps-56 Kbps
Broadband Connection
Any type of transmission technique that carries several data channels over a common wire.
Wireless Internet Connection
Most widely used internet connection types now
It uses radiofrequency bands
Speed range 256Kbps-10Mbps
Different types of Website

Personal
Refers to a website that represents individual instead of groups or company
Organizational/Topical
Usually for groups such as institutions, clubs, or non-profit organization website to promote member accomplishments or encourage to support and participation
Commercial
E-commerce

Uses of internet and web

Communication
Businesses and individuals rely heavily on e-mail.
E-mail messages, web pages can communicate positively or negatively.
A website with an effective design and credible content will deliver messages successfully and persuasively.
Education
Formal and informal teaching and learning
Enhance traditional teaching method
Home study program that utilized the internet in their lesson dissemination and requirement submission.
Edutainment
Entertainment
Popular entertainment websites offer music, videos, sports, games, ongoing web episodes, sweepstakes, chats, and more.
Business
Conducting business online
E-commerce
Promoting products
Online transactions
Bank transaction
Bill payments
Thread
A sequence of messages that usually comments regarding a given topic.
Can be seen in the newsgroup (an internet textual discussion on a given topic)
Web forum
A website or a portion of a website wherein random or registered users can converse with each other by posting messages.
Blog or web blog
A personal journal of an individual on the World Wide Web.
The “blogger” can express their experiences and opinions.
File sharing
It involves sharing of information or files via the internet.
Registered users can get access to the resources that can be downloaded either for free or in exchange for a file that they personally made

Classified advertising sites
A newspaper section that covers buying and selling of products and services, endorsement of job opportunities.