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Lecture 2
- There are 5 different spheres
Atmosphere (air, weather)
Hydrosphere(water, ice)
Biosphere(plants, animals)
Geosphere(lands, rocks)
Exosphere(sun, meteors)
- All of the spheres interact with each other in some way and surround us constantly
Lecture 3
Meteor - The streak of light seen when a meteoroid heats up in the atmosphere
Comet - A icy body that releases gases while it orbits the sun
Asteroid - Rocky body that floats within outer space that is smaller than a planet and orbits the sun
Meteoroid- Rocky or metallic fragment/piece broken off from an asteroid, comet or planet
Meteorite - When the rocky or metallic meteor hits the ground
How far is the earth from the sun?
1 AU = 150 million km (we rounded)
1 LY = 63 240 AU
Formation of the solar system
Key evidence of existence: all planets are moving in the same direction surrounding the sun which suggests that they all broke apart of a larger rotating disk or were apart of one
Contraction - the cloud starts collapsing under its own gravity to create a spherical shape
The collision of particles combined with gravity and mass begins to spin. the collapsing spinning nebula begins to flatten into a rotating pancake
A proto-star forms in the center when the core becomes dense enough and later becomes the sun
Accretion - Dust grains stick to each other and sweep their paths, forming larger particles (Planetesimals)
Orbital paths are cleared
The suns and its planets all spin in the same directions
The Sun and its planets all spin in the same direction
Most atmospheric gas in the inner planets burn off due to the intense heat
Now what makes earth distinct from the other planets in the solar system?
- Presence of atmosphere
- Presence of liquid water
- Presence of magnetic field
- Plate tectonics
- Greenhouse gases
Lecture 4
The solar zenith angle is the angle of solar radiation it makes vertically since earths axis is tilted the angle differs across the globe depending on the earths positioning
A lower obliquity will give u a shorter summer -> more ice
The temperature is hotter when the sun is overhead
This also explains why when we're having summer in the northern hemisphere it would be the opposite season for the southern
Latitude is upward and downward (vertical)
Longitude is left to right ( horizontal)
Lecture 5
We just continue to talk about how longitude and latitude work
and the equations we can use to find the distance between two points
arc length = radius of arc x angle of arc ( in radians)
Lecture 6
Now when it comes to calculating its a bit trickier due to the longitude or latitude differing there are 2 equations you can use
delta latitude = r (radius of earth) x difference in latitude
and
delta longitude = r(radius of earth) cos(latitude) x difference in longitude
Lecture 7
There are different layers to the earth
Continental crust - Which is made up of silicate + aluminum ( granite or sial)
Oceanic crust - mostly silicate + magnesium and is denser than the continental crust
Conrad discontinuity - a jump in density between Continental and Oceanic crust
Lithosphere - The crust and rocky part of the upper mantle
The earth goes Crust -> Mantle -> Core
The mantle below lithosphere is what causes and makes the plate tectonics
A P wave is a longitudinal wave
A S wave is a transverse wave
Evidence for internal earth structure and composition
- Composition
- Density
- Phase (solid or liquid)
- Packing structure
- Temperature
- Pressure
Lecture 8
As we brought up S and P waves
there is a major difference between the two
A S wave can only move through solids meaning it can only go halfway through the earth
A S wave is slower than a P wave
A P wave can move through any materials meaning it will go through the earth if an earthquake occurs
This explains the shadow zones so for an S it will start going to the sides not going through the core making the shadow waves anyplace it does not pass through ( the entire bottom half of the earth)
Whereas for the P wave it will be to the sides and go through the core and come out the other end making the shadow waves to the area it does not pass through ( area on the sides between above the core and bottom half of earth)
S waves are slow but destructive they usually create Love waves ( sideways motion) and Rayleigh waves (rolling motion)
There are 3 types of rocks
Igneous - Molten materials in deep crust and upper mantle
Sedimentary - Weathering and erosion of rocks exposed at the surface
Metamorphic - Rocks under high pressure and temperature in deep crust
Lecture 9
Again as we mentioned in the last lecture
There are 3 types of rocks
Igneous - Molten materials in deep crust and upper mantle
Sedimentary - Weathering and erosion of rocks exposed at the surface
Metamorphic - Rocks under high pressure and temperature in deep crust
They are made up by
Igneous - Crystallization
Sedimentary - Sedimentation (separating particles and sediment water ), burial and lithiation
Metamorphic - Recrystallization due to heat, pressure or chemically active fluids
Silicate is any type of mineral containing oxygen and silicon
We can identify features of minerals by these traits
Crystal form - shape of the mineral
Cleavage - amount of breakage along one or more planes
Hardness - resistance to scratches
Color - the color of the mineral
Lustre - how light is reflected
Streak - the mark it makes when mineral scratches against unglazed porcelin
Lecture 10
Deformation - its the change in volume or shape of the rock
Plate tectonics
The evidence that they exist are that
➢ Similar fossils on opposite sides of ocean
➢ Similar rock sequences on opposite coastlines
➢ Puzzle-like match between opposing coastlines
➢ Glacial deposits in tropical regions
➢ “Ring of fire” of earthquake activity at convergent plate boundaries
➢ Satellite evidence of plate motion
➢ Magnetic field anomalies in rocks
➢ Hot spots & Seamounts
Hotspots
- Active volcanos basically or somewhat similar to them
Lecture 11
It goes from hotspot to inactive volcano and we use division
Lecture 12
We know the magnetic field exists due to when we use compasses
it points towards the northern and southern hemisphere
In actuality the north is the south and the south is the north so they are the opposite
There are 3 types of weathering
Biological
Chemical
Frost wedging
Chemical is caused by water and is commonly shown with erosion and oxidation
Lecture 13
Biological has anything to do with plants and animals where it will climb upon building that have been placed in its habitat
Lecture 14
Weathering impacts the ground and things surrounding us
It can create slopes which can contribute to landslides
Lecture 15
A creep is a slow progression of material going down a slope
even with its slow speed it is quite destructive ( Pompeii, Volcano eruptions )
Floods and Streams too
but the water for them comes from different places but commonly water stored inside the land or frozen in ice
It has to do with precipitation too where the change in weather will affect precipitation which can be the cause of floods
Lecture 16
Streams creation and how it works
Lecture 17
Lecture 18
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