Notes

S.st. Answers:

Answer 26: Under colonial rule, hunting of big game became a sport in India, leading to the extinction of various species. The British believed that they would civilise India by killing dangerous animals, and gave rewards for the killing of tigers, wolves and other large animals. Between 1875-1925, over 80,000 tigers, 150,000 leopards and 200,000 wolves were killed for reward. Killing a tiger was seen as a sporting trophy, and certain areas of forests were reserved for hunting.
Or
Answer 26:
(1) Cattle were reduced due to lack of pasture.
(2) Movement to new grazing grounds was difficult.
(3) Richer pastoralists bought land and settled down, giving up nomadic life. Some became settled peasants and cultivate land.
(4) Others began more extensive trading.
(5) Poor pastoralists borrowed money from moneylenders to survive, losing their cattle and sheep and becoming labourers.

Answer 27: Parliament performs the following functions on behalf of the people:
(1) Parliaments have the power to make laws in any country.
(2) Parliaments have direct and full control over the government, allowing it to take decisions only if supported by them.
(3)Parliaments control the use of public money, In most Countries, money can't be spend without the approval of Parliament.
(4)Parliament is a highest forum for discussion and debate on public issues and policy, and can ask for any information from governments.

Answer 28:
(1) The President is both the head of state and the government in the US, Latin American countries, and ex-Soviet Union countries.
(2) The people elect the President and the President appoints all ministers.
(3) The legislature makes the law for the country, but the president can veto any law.
(4)The president is elected for a fixed tenure and is answerable to the legislature.

Answer 29: The Indian constitution is an unusual achievement in that it has been accepted by all the people of India, despite some provisions being questioned by some groups. In other countries, the constitution is rewritten and its value reduced to a simple piece of paper, but in India it expresses a broad consensus of its time.

Answer 30: The level of industrialisation in Russia in early 20th century:
(1) Russia was one of the least industrialised nations in the early 20th century, with industry concentrated in St Petersburg and Moscow.
(2) Factory workers were increased in the 1890s due to Russia's railway network and foreign investment, leading to increased production of iron and steel. By the 1900s, factory workers were equal to craftsmen.
(3) Government used to supervise large factories to ensure minimum wages and limited hours of work, but factories did not follow rules and factory inspectors could not prevent it. Workers lived in rooms and dormitories.
(4) Workers were divided by skill, with metalworkers being considered aristocrats due to their training and skill. Women made up 31% of the factory labour force, but were paid less than men.

Answer 31:Farmers can produce more from the same piece of land by the following ways:
(1) Irrigation: Electricity transformed the system of irrigation, allowing farmers to grow three crops in a year and irrigate larger areas more effectively than non-electric systems. Earlier, Persian wheels were used to draw water from wells.

(2) Multiple Cropping: Multiple copping is a common method of increasing production on a piece of land. Most farmers grow at least two main crops and some grow potato as a third crop.

(3)Modern Methods: Modern methods such as tractors and threshers can help increase yield by making ploughing and harvesting faster.

(4)HYV Seeds: Traditional seeds used to give low yields, but in the late 1960s, high yielding varieties of wheat and rice were introduced, allowing farmers to produce larger quantities of food grains.

Answer 32: The National Human Rights Commission is an independent commission set up by a law in 1993, consisting of retired judges, officers and eminent citizens. It does not decide court cases, but helps victims secure their human rights. It also helps in the violation of rights granted by the Constitution and international treaties.
FOLLOWING ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF "NHRC"
(1) The NHRC is responsible for conducting an independent and credible inquiry into violations of human rights, but is not responsible for punishing the guilty. The court is Responsible for punishing the guilty.
(2) NHRC promotes human rights in India and takes steps to do so.
(3) The Commission presents its findings and recommendations to the government or intervenes in court on behalf of victims.
(4) NHRC has wide powers to conduct its inquiry, including summoning witnesses, questioning government officials, and visiting prisons.

Answer 33: A developed country like India should not have educational qualifications to contest elections because of the following reasons:
(1) Educational qualifications are not necessary for some jobs, such as being selected to the Indian cricket team or being an MLA or MP. Understanding people's concerns and representing their interests should be evaluated by lakhs of examiners after every five years.
(2) Moreover, it is better to leave to the people if they consider education an important criterion to select their representative, and decide it at the time of voting.
(3) Making a minimum educational qualification compulsory in India would deny a majority of citizens the right to contest elections, as it would go against the spirit of democracy.

OR

Answer 33: Various Steps of Election In India are:
(1) Preparation of Voter's List: All citizens aged 18 years and above can vote in an election, and the government maintains a voter's list of those who have attained the voting age and changed their residence to a constituency.
(2) Announcement of election: Election Commission of India announces dates for polling and counting of votes.
(3) Nomination of candidates: Voters Whose age is more than 25 years can become candidates in elections by filling out a 'nomination form' and paying a security deposit.
(4) Election Campaign: Election campaigns take place for a two-week period between announcement and polling, with candidates contacting voters, political leaders addressing meetings, and political parties mobilising their supporters.
(5) Polling and Counting of Booths: Electronic voting machines (EVM) are used to record votes in a polling booth, replacing ballot papers. Voting is done by identifying the voter, putting a mark on their finger, and allowing them to cast their vote.
(6) Announcement of Winner: EVM votes are counted and the candidate with the highest number of votes is declared elected, leading to the formation of the next government.

Answer 34: There are four regional divisions of Himalyas. They Are:
一 Punjab Himalyas: Punjab Himalayas is located between the Indus River and Satluj River and has regional names such as Kashmir Himalaya and Himachal Himalaya.
ニ Kumaon Himalyas: Kumaon Himalayas is located between the Satluj and Kali rivers.
三 Nepal Himalyas: Nepal Himalayas is located between The Kali and the Teesta rivers.
四 Assam Himalayas: This part of Himalayas is lying between the Teesta And Dihang Rivers.
五 The Purvachal is the easternmost boundary of the Himalayas, composed of mainly strong sandstones, with dense forests, parallel ranges and valleys.