Notes

~Ramadan marks the month when the Quran (the ancient religious text of Islam) was said to have been revealed to Prophet Muhammad by God. The Muslim Hands Organisation defines the event as “a month of fasting and abstaining from things considered to be impure for the mind and body.”
~From the very beginning of Islam, Muhammad had inculcated a sense of brotherhood and a bond of faith among his followers, both of which helped to develop among them a feeling of close relationship that was accentuated by their experiences of persecution as a nascent community in Mecca.
~The strong attachment to the tenets of the Qurʾānic revelation and the conspicuous socioeconomic content of Islamic religious practices cemented this bond of faith.
~In 622 CE, when the Prophet migrated to Medina, his preaching was soon accepted, and the community-state of Islam emerged.
~Thus, there is not only an Islamic religious institution but also an Islamic law, state, and other institutions governing society.
~Not until the 20th century were the religious (private) and the secular (public) distinguished by some Muslim thinkers and separated formally in certain places such as Turkey