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愛盲服務 -低視能服務 -常見低視能疾病 - 視神經萎縮 Optic Nerve Atrophy -財團法人愛盲基金會
近視

3視盤小凹(optic pit)為視神經外胚葉發育缺陷所致。 多單眼發病,視力正常,合併黃斑部視網膜脫離時則視力下降。 眼底表現:視盤小凹呈圓形或多角形,小凹常被灰白色纖維膠質膜覆蓋,多見於視盤顳側或顳下方。 小凹可與黃斑部視網膜下腔相通,形成局限性視網膜脫離,對此可用鐳射光凝治療。

而後者多位於顳側,或環繞視盤全周,為進行性病變,隨著近視加深而擴大,常合併有近視性退行性眼底改變。 發生於視盤上的腫瘤少見,偶可見視盤血管瘤及黑色素細胞瘤。 前者可能為von HippelLidau病的眼部表現;後者表現為視盤上的一塊黑色腫塊,發展極為緩慢,為一良性腫瘤,對視功能沒有多大影響。 治療上前者可採用鐳射光凝,但視力預後不良;後者無須特殊處理,只需定期隨訪。

其中腦部核磁共振沒有病灶的病人有25%得到多發性硬化症的機率,而有至少一個腦部病灶的病人此機率卻高達72%,尤其在視神經炎發病的五年內發生多發性硬化症的機率最高。 而沒有腦部病灶的視神經炎病人,若在第十年時沒有多發性硬化症發生,則其第15年得到多發性硬化症的機率僅為2%。 未來發生多發性硬化症機率較低的病人群包括:腦部核磁共振無腦部病灶、男性病患、視神經盤有水腫、非典型表現的視神經炎(無疼痛感、視力嚴重下降至無光覺、視神經盤旁有出血、視網膜有滲出物等)。

不論是視神經膠質瘤或視神經腦膜瘤,二者均可能是斑痣性錯構瘤(phakomatosis, 或譯成母斑病)中的神經纖維瘤病(neurofibromatosis)的一部分,診斷時應注意,以免漏診。 眼底螢光血管造影表現為動脈期視盤表面擴張的毛細血管即顯示螢光,並且很快滲漏,造成晚期整個視盤呈高螢光。 外燴 3眼底螢光血管造影表現為視盤低螢光或充盈延遲、充盈缺損。 但是,同一視盤上梗阻區與未梗阻區螢光強弱可不對稱性,此種不對稱性與視野缺損部位大體相當,視野缺損部位的視盤附近部位有局限性低螢光,並且在該部位的脈絡膜也表現螢光充盈遲緩。

視野檢查周邊視野正常,但中心視野可查出相對性或絕對性中心暗點;有時也可表現為中心旁暗點或與生理盲點相連的啞鈴狀暗點。 2)異側偏盲:分為雙顳側偏盲和雙鼻側偏盲。 雙顳側偏盲為視交叉病變所引起;雙鼻側偏盲不是真正的偏盲,常由於一個以上病變所致,為不規則不對稱的視野缺損。 正常人動態視野的平均值為:上方55°,下方70°,鼻側60°,顳側90°,藍、紅、綠色視野依次遞減10°。 生理盲點呈橢圓形,垂直徑為75°±2°,橫徑55°±2°,中心位於注視點顳側155°水平線下15°處。 在生理盲點的上、下緣均可見到有狹窄的弱視區,為視盤附近大血管的投影。 5外側膝狀體(lateral geniculate body)位於大腦腳外側,由視網膜神經節細胞發出的神經纖維至此與外側膝狀體的神經節細胞形成突觸,換神經元後再進入視放射。
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