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DYSMORPHIC FEATURES — Upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthic folds, and brachycephaly are nearly universal features of Down syndrome (DS). The other characteristic dysmorphic features of DS are each present in 47 to 82 percent of cases [1,2]. These features predominantly affect the head and neck and the extremities.

Head and neck — Characteristic dysmorphic features of DS affecting the head and neck include:

●Upslanting palpebral fissures
●Epicanthic folds (picture 1)
●Flat facial profile/flat nasal bridge
●Folded or dysplastic ears
●Low-set small ears
●Brachycephaly
●Brushfield spots
●Open mouth
●Protruding tongue (picture 1)
●Furrowed tongue
●Short neck
●Excessive skin at nape of the neck
●Narrow palate
●Abnormal teeth
Extremities — Characteristic dysmorphic features of DS affecting the extremities include:

●Short broad hands
●Incurved fifth finger with hypoplastic mid phalanx
●Transverse palmar crease (picture 2)
●Space between the first and second toes (sandal gap)
●Hyperflexibility of joints
Neonatal features — Ten of the characteristic dysmorphic features are common in newborns with DS and are usually recognized soon after birth. In a series of 48 affected newborns, all had four or more features, and 89 percent had six or more [1,3]:

●Flat facial profile
●Slanted palpebral fissures
●Anomalous ears
●Hypotonia (picture 3)
●Poor Moro reflex
●Dysplasia of midphalanx of fifth finger
●Transverse palmar (Simian) crease (picture 2)
●Excessive skin at nape of the neck
●Hyperflexibility of joints
●Dysplasia of pelvis
     
 
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