Notes

Bending Borders
Bending Borders is a small business in Glendale, California that specializes in Building Materials and Hardware. It has been in business for 13 years. It employs two people at one location and generates annual revenues of $121,638. This business is involved in the construction of mobile homes and buildings.

Transnational crime

Transnational crime, as the term suggests, is crime that crosses national borders and affects more than one country. These crimes may involve the trafficking of people, drugs, or weapons. They may also be crimes against humanity. These crimes often involve different types of people, and may occur in different countries.

In order to combat transnational crime, the UN has enacted several international conventions. The main treaty, the 2000 UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC), sets legislative standards for member states. The UNTOC and its protocols are currently under review by states parties. These conventions are administered by the UNODC, which is also the secretariat of the 2003 UN Convention Against Corruption. In addition to a secretariat, UNODC also has two governing bodies: the UN Commission on Narcotics Drugs (UNCND), and the UN Committee on International Corruption (UNODC).

Transnational crime is an increasingly common phenomenon that crosses national borders. In Southwest Asia, for example, drug-funded terrorist organizations are challenging efforts to build a peaceful future. In some regions of Afghanistan, drug-trafficking networks are increasingly mingling with the Taliban.

Black-market activity

The study of black-market activity on international borders raises important questions regarding the nature of the state and the use of force by governments. It suggests that states are not uniform and are rather heterogeneous constellations of bureaucracies and agencies. Moreover, the state is hardly understood as a single entity, and many studies on the subject fail to take into account the border.

The black market is not regulated, and there is no legal protection for the players. The dealers involved in the illicit market do not have a right to ask police for assistance in recovering stolen goods. They may even send their employees to shoot the thief, compounding the original crime. The black market also doesn't pay taxes, causing the burden to fall on law-abiding citizens.

CCTV cameras

The light level of CCTV cameras plays a critical role in the quality of their images. The light that passes through a camera lens depends on the lighting conditions and the camera's angle of view. The lighting levels must be adequate to provide good image quality. The minimum light intensity for CCTV cameras is 1.5 foot-candles (assuming a 25 percent reflectivity of the ground surface). The evenness of illumination is measured by light-to-dark ratio (LDR). Too little or too much illumination will result in poor images.

The field of view of CCTV cameras is determined by three factors: the lens focal length, distance from lens to object, and CCD sensor size. Field-of-view has huge implications for security. If the field of view is too narrow, the cameras might miss a risky event. Alternatively, a wide field of view may result in insufficient resolution.

Police techniques

Smugglers and criminals are as ingenious at bending borders as the villagers of old, and police are trying to catch up. They play a cat-and-mouse technical game with border guards, and they both stand to make enormous profits moving goods and refugees across borders. The border between Ukraine and Slovakia is a prime example.
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