Notes

Progressive Era: a period of widespread social activism and political reform across the United States, from the
1890s to 1920s .
Temperance Movement: social movement against the consumption of alcoholic beverages.
Suffrage:the right to vote in political elections.
Conservation Movement:a political, environmental and a social movement that seeks to protect natural
resources including animal, fungus, and plant species as well as their habitat for the
future.
Urbanization:population shift from rural to urban areas, "the gradual increase in the proportion of people living
in urban areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to the change.
Muckrakers: term given to young reporters of popular magazines
Social Gospel:Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the early 20th century United States
and Canada.
Populism:political doctrine that appeals to the interests and conceptions (such as hopes and fears) of the general
population, especially when contrasting any new collective consciousness push against the prevailing
status quo interests of any predominant political sector.
Ida B. Wells: an American journalist, newspaper editor, suffragist, sociologist, Georgist, and an early leader in
the Civil Rights Movement.
Margaret Sanger:an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the
term "birth control", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States

Nativism:the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of
immigrants.
Chinese Exclusion Act:a United States federal law signed by President Chester A. Arthur on May 6, 1882. It was
one of the most significant restrictions on free immigration in US history, prohibiting all
immigration of Chinese laborers.
Gentleman’s Agreement: informal agreement between the United States and the Empire of Japan whereby the
United States of America would not impose restriction on Japanese immigration, and
Japan would not allow further emigration to the U.S.
Angel Island: an immigration station where immigrants entering the United States were detained and
interrogated.
Ellis Island: the harbor of New York City, southwest of Manhattan. Note: From 1892 to 1954, it served as the
prime immigration station of the country. Some twelve million immigrants passed through it during
this time.
Dawes Act:adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American
Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians.
Assimilate: process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group
Americanization:process of an immigrant to the United States of America becoming a person who shares
American values, beliefs and customs and is assimilated into American society.
Push/Pull Factors: When people migrate, they don't just leave one place and magically arrive somewhere else.
Usually something pushes them away from their native country and pulls them toward a new
place. This idea is called the push-pull factor.
Settlement House: important reform institutions in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and
Chicago's Hull House was the best-known settlement in the United States.

Union:an organized association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests; a labor
union.
Knights of Labor: the largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s. Its most
important leader was Terence V. Powderly.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW):commonly termed "Wobblies", is an international, radical labor union that
was founded in 1905.
Great Railroad Strike 1877:began on July 14 in Martinsburg, West Virginia, United States and ended some 45
days later, after it was put down by local and state militias, and federal troops.
Pullman Strike:nationwide railroad strike in the United States on May 11, 1894. It pitted the American Railway
Union (ARU) against the Pullman Company, the main railroads, and the federal government of
the United States under President Grover Cleveland.
Homestead Strike:was an industrial lockout and strike which began on June 30, 1892, culminating in a battle
between strikers and private security agents on July 6, 1892.
Haymarket Riot:was the aftermath of a bombing that took place at a labor demonstration on Tuesday May 4,
1886, at Haymarket Square in Chicago.
Socialism:social and economic system characterised by social ownership and/or social control of the means of
production and co-operative management of the economy, as well as a political theory and movement
that aims at the establishment of such a system.
Eugene V. Debs:an American union leader, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World,
and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States.
Mother Jones:an Irish-American schoolteacher and dressmaker who became a prominent labor and community
organizer. She then helped coordinate major strikes and cofounded the Industrial Workers of the
World.