Notes

Exam Study Guide
*study for exams on monday tuesday and wednesday*
Enlightenment
What are natural laws? Natural laws are Natural law is a philosophy that certain rights or values are inherent by virtue of human nature and universally recognizable through human reason. Historically, natural law refers to the use of reason to analyze both social and personal human nature to deduce binding rules of moral behavior. The law of nature, being determined by nature, is universal.

What is the enlightened despot? An enlightened despot is an authoritarian leader who exercises rationality and, in some cases, tolerance. While authoritarian leadership is inherently repressive in some ways, this does not mean that the leader cannot exercise tolerance in other areas.

Who is thomas hobbes? Thomas Hobbes, in some older texts Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, was an English philosopher who is considered one of the founders of modern political philosophy. Hobbes is best known for his 1651 book Leviathan, which established the social contract theory that has served as the foundation for most later Western political philosophy. In addition to political philosophy, Hobbes also contributed to a diverse array of other fields, including history, jurisprudence, geometry, the physics of gases, theology, ethics, and general philosophy.

Who was montesquieu? Montesquieu, was a French judge, man of letters, and political philosopher.

Who is adam smith? Adam smith is was a Scottish economist, philosopher and author as well as a moral philosopher, a pioneer of political economy and a key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment era.[1] Smith is best known for two classic works: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) and The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759). The former, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics.

What is a free market? A free market is a system in which the prices for goods and services are set freely by consent between vendors and consumers, in which the laws and forces of supply and demand are free from any intervention by a government, price-setting monopoly, or other authority. It is a result of a need being, then the need being met.

Who is john locke? John Locke FRS was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism". Considered one of the first of the British empiricists, following the tradition of Sir Francis Bacon, he is equally important to social contract theory. His work greatly affected the development of epistemology and political philosophy. His writings influenced Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, many Scottish Enlightenment thinkers, as well as the American revolutionaries. His contributions to classical republicanism and liberal theory are reflected in the United States Declaration of Independence.

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FRENCH REVOLUTION

What are estates? An estate is property or possession.

What is a Bourgeoisie? The bourgeoisie is the social class that came to own the means of production during modern industrialization and whose societal concerns are the value of property and the preservation of capital, to ensure the perpetuation of their economic supremacy in society. Joseph Schumpeter saw the creation of new bourgeoisie as the driving force behind the capitalist engine, particularly entrepreneurs who took risks to bring innovation to industries and the economy through the process of creative destruction.

What is the scorched-earth-policy? A scorched earth policy is a military strategy that targets anything that might be useful to the enemy while advancing through or withdrawing from an area. Specifically, all of the assets that are used or can be used by the enemy are targeted, such as food sources, transportation, communications, industrial resources, and even the people in the area.

What is the Tennis Court Oath? On 20 June 1789, the members of the French Estates-General for the Third Estate, who had begun to call themselves the National Assembly, took the Tennis Court Oath, vowing "not to separate, and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established." It was a pivotal event in the early days of the French Revolution.

What is the continental system? Continental System. The Continental System or Continental Blockade (known in French as Blocus continental) was the foreign policy of Napoleon I of France in his struggle against Great Britain during the Napoleonic Wars.

What is the Battle Of Waterloo? a battle fought on June 18, 1815, near the village of Waterloo (in what is now Belgium), in which Napoleon's army was defeated by the British (under the Duke of Wellington) and Prussians. The allied pursuit caused Napoleon's army to disintegrate entirely, ending his bid to return to power.

What is a limited monarchy? A form of government called a limited Monarchy or as some may term it a constitutional monarchy, is a nation where the king or queen have real political power. However, for the sake of having a nation where citizens also have real political power, the powers of the monarch are limited by laws or more formally limited by a written constitution.

The women march on versailles and wanted the king and queen to return to? They wanted the king and queen to return to Paris.
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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
What is Urbanization? Urbanization is a population shift from rural to urban areas, "the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas", and the ways in which each society adapts to the change. It is predominantly the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people begin living and working in central areas.

What are tenements? Tenement is a multi-occupancy building of any sort. However, in the United States it has come to mean a run-down apartment building, a slum. In parts of England, especially Devon and Cornwall, it refers to an outshot, or additional projecting part at the back of a terraced house, normally with its own roof.

What is the cotton gin? A machine for separating cotton from its seeds.

Why did the population increase? A: Causes of population increase include quality health care, increased food production, immigration, fight against poverty and lack of family planning. High population increase has negative impacts to the country, including conflicts, environmental degradation, high cost of living and reduction in natural resources.

David ricardo's iron law of wages stated that? David Ricardo's "iron law of wages" basically states that parents would have more children if wages were raised. These children would then expand the number of workers and lower wages as they entered the labor market. Then, wages would fall and the workers would have fewer children. The process would then start over as wages would once again rise. The iron law of wages is a proposed law of economics that asserts that real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker. The theory was first named by Ferdinand Lassalle in the mid-nineteenth century.

What is Utilitarianism? Utilitarianism is a theory in normative ethics holding that the best moral action is the one that maximizes utility. Utility is defined in various ways, but is usually related to the well-being of sentient entities. Originally, Jeremy Bentham, the founder of Utilitarianism, defined utility as the aggregate pleasure after deducting suffering of all involved in any action.

Who is James Watt? James Watt FRS FRSE was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1781, which was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world.

What are railroads? A permanent road having a line of rails fixed to ties and laid on a roadbed and providing a track for cars or equipment drawn by locomotives or propelled by self-contained motors; also : such a road and its assets constituting a single property.

What are women workers? Women Workers Rising is a coalition-led initiative calling for broad-based solidarity with women workers who are fighting for an end to workplace violence and harassment and to promote pay equity, one fair living wage, paid leave, and labor rights at work.

What is the long term result of the I.R.? The long term effects of the Industrial Revolution include things like change in ideas, new ideas on how women should be treated, more efficient ways to manufacture products and better plans for the future and ways that the world should run. Also, advancements in technology and medicine proved to have long-lasting effects (e.g. the light bulb). That was an example of the light bulb. Plus i was from an history site called http//www.history.com
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Continental system