Notes

Base 2 -> Base 10
-Before the period: (NUMBER)*2^(NUMBER PLACEMENT [STARTING WITH ZERO])
-After the period: (NUMBER)*2^(-[negative] NUMBER PLACEMENT [STARTING WITH ZERO])

Base 8 -> Base 10
-Before the period: (NUMBER)*8^(NUMBER PLACEMENT [STARTING WITH ZERO])
-After the period: (NUMBER)*8^(-[negative] NUMBER PLACEMENT [STARTING WITH ZERO])

Base 16 -> Base 10 (0 through F [F is fifteen])
-Before the period: (NUMBER)*16^(NUMBER PLACEMENT [STARTING WITH ZERO])
-After the period: (NUMBER)*16^(-[negative] NUMBER PLACEMENT [STARTING WITH ZERO])

Base 10 -> Base 2
-Divide the NUMBER by 2 until the whole number remaining is "zero"
-Remainder over 2 (15/2 = 7 1/2, 7 / 2 = 3 1/2)
-Count the remainders (either 0 or 1) from the bottom up and that's the answer

-For decimals: Multiply the decimal by 2 until there are no fractional numbers (0.0000) -> The answer are the whole numbers from top down

Base 10 -> Base 8
-Divide the NUMBER by 8 until the whole number remaining is "zero"
-Remainder over 8 (19/8 = 2 3/8)
-Count the remainders (either 0-7) from the bottom up and that's the answer

Base 10 -> Base 16
-Divide the NUMBER by 16 until the whole number remaining is "zero"
-Remainder over 16 (245/16 = 15 5/16)
-Count the remainders (0-15) from the bottom up
-Convert any number above 9 to letters A through F)




Converting from base “r” to base 10,
form the appropriate sum of powers
in base “r”

 Converting from a decimal integer to
base “r”, divide by “r”, use the
remainders as coefficients

 Converting a decimal fraction to base
“r”, multiply by “r”, use the integers
as coefficients

 Converting octal and hex to binary,
form groups of 3 or 4 digits