Notes

Unit 2 Key Terms
Agriculture – substinence strategy focusing on intensive farming, investing great deal of time and energy. Came from Middle East 12k years ago
Allocation of resources – Assigning resources in an economic way
Balanced exchange - Exchange of approximately equally valued goods or services between people of roughly equal social status, came from Kula
Barter – One person gives a type of product in exchange for another type of product
Capital – Land, money, factories. Support and supply materials needed for production
Capitalism - country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Carrying capacity - number or quantity of people or things that can be conveyed or held by a vehicle or container.
Cash crop - a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.
Colonialism – policies of partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
Commodity - a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee.
Consumerism - the protection or promotion of the interests of consumers.
Consumption – using up resources
Consumption funds - Categories within a person’s or household’s budget used to provide for needs and desires (ex: Basic needs fund, Recurrent costs fund, Entertainment fund, Ceremonial fund, Rent/tax fund)
Core – 1st world US
Dependency theory - held that the former colonies had become dependent on the aid that they were being given and the only way for them to emerge as stable, independent nations, was to dismantle the system of foreign aid.

Development theory- vision of theories about how desirable change in society is best achieved
Distribution/Exchange - an act of giving one thing and receiving another (esp. of the same type or value) in return.
Division of labor/Gender division of labor - Men perform most labor in ¾ societies worldwidepublic/private dichotomy;;; Balanced work roles in Central and South America. Men do agricultural work, women do marketing;;; Female farming systems with women and girls in major role are found in southern India and Southeast Asia where wet rice agriculture predominates
Ecology (see C&C section 3) - Ecology is the relationship of an organism to other elements within its environmental sphere.
Economic anthropology - Subdiscipline of anthropology that focuses on subsistence strategies and economic systems
Economy/Economic system (see C&C section 4) - economic system, which we will define
as the provision of goods and services to meet biological and social wants.
Extensive vs. intensive subsistence strategy - Subsistence agriculture is that in which the farmers use or consume most of what they produce, rather than selling it in a market (commercial agriculture).
Intensive subsistence agriculture refers to subsistence agriculture that supports a large number of people on a relatively small parcel of land (i.e., high physiological density). The primary example of intensive subsistence agriculture would be rice growing, such as that found in East, South and Southeast Asia. Application of technology and intensive labor to farming, such as the plow and irrigation
Consequences: Mechanization of labor, Reduced amount of land used, Limited number of crops
Extensive subsistence agriculture, on the other hand, is that which requires a lot of land to support relatively few people (i.e., low physiological density). Examples of this type include shifting cultivation/swidden agriculture (or slash and burn) and pastoral nomadism.
Exploitation - the action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work.
Food producers – Pastoralism, Horticulture, Agriculture
Foraging/foraging economy - Subsistence pattern of hunting and gathering
Formal vs. informal sector – Formal: Factory labor in Cambodia, Construction industry in India, Trade union strikes. Informal: Street vending, garbage harvesting, opium production, sex work protest in india
Guaraní (What culture – South America Where in the world – Paraguay Forests.Which anthropologist- Richard Reed. What was the key Problem/discovery? - Guaraní made their living by gardening and hunting, but they also obtained cash by gathering and selling goods from the forest. They had developed a way to mine the forest for its wealth without destroying the resources on which they depend.Colonists & Ranchers destroying their forest. Using a form of shifting agriculture called slash-and-burn farming, the Indians
permitted the forest to recover from the damage of field clearing.


Gift (see reciprocity) vs. pure gift vs. sale - The basic concept of reciprocity is that if I do something for you, I expect that you will in turn do something for me. Pure gift – given with no expectation or though of return. Sale – Selling an item for another item/money.
Horticulture/horticultural economy - Horticulture represents the earliest farming strategy, A subsistence strategy that focuses on small-scale farming using relatively simple technology (ex:Growing crops in gardens using hand tools, Variety of foods grown: yams, bananas, manioc, etc. Crop yields support denser populations than foraging and allow for permanent settlements) Highly sustainable as long as fallowing system is in place and population overcrowding does not exist
Industrialism/industrial economy - The use of machines to produce products and food. 6 features: Increased Mechanization, State Agencies, Competition Among Producers, Specialization of Crop Production, Overproduction, Interdependence between Farm Units
Industrial revolution – Cotton, The next phase of European Colonialism was marked by the emergence of the Industrial Revolution. Beginning in the eighteenth century, European industry began to rely increasingly upon mechanization. The Industrial Revolution spurred additional demands for cheap raw materials and increased demand for unskilled workers.
Information/digital economy - The production of goods through mass employment in business and commercial operations, The creation, manipulation, management, and transfer of information through electronic media. Goods produced to satisfy consumer demand, Employment increases in manufacturing and service sectors
Intensive/industrial agriculture - 6 features: Increased Mechanization, State Agencies, Competition Among Producers, Specialization of Crop Production, Overproduction, Interdependence between Farm Units
Inupiaq (What culture – Inuit, Where in the world – Alaska, Which anthropologist – Nelson, What was the key problem/discovery - Lifestyle threatened by large-scale development projects, loss of land, pollution, and global warming. these hunters observe their natural environment in detail and through experience, develop theories about animal behavior and ways to hunt their prey. In short, the mental capacities of Eskimos and other hunter- gathers
are a feature of all members of our species no matter how they live and adapt to their
environments
!Kung/Ju’/hoansi (What culture – Africa, Where in the world? Which anthropologist – Lee, & Bisele What was the key problem/discovery - !Kung, depending more on vegetable foods
than meat, actually spent little time collecting food and managed to live long and fruitful lives in their difficult desert home
Labor – Doing the work
Leveling mechanism - Cultural practices designed to equalize access to food, resources, and social prestige through a community so that no one individual can amass greater wealth or greater prestige than other people
Malawi (What culture - African Where in the world – Malawi, Which anthropologist- Patten, What was the key problem/discovery - international lending
agencies required the Malawian government to cease underwriting the cost of fertilizer in
favor of a market-based system. As a result, the exhausted land produced less maize and
people began to starve. Eventually, the government of Malawi overruled their international
lenders and reinstituted a program to provide fertilizer to farm families. The result
was a grain surplus, the end of famine, and improved health for the nation’s citizens.

Market economy - System of allocating goods and services according to market forces(ex: Supply and demand). Money exchange( portable, durable, divisible, abstract, universal) (Capital Commodity Trade Labor)
Market exchange - Market exchange is the transfer of goods and services based on price, supply, and demand.
Minimalism - characterized by few and less consumer demands and adequate and sustainable means to achieve them
Mode of Livelihood/Subsistence (see C&C section 3) – A mode of livelihood is the dominant way of making a living in a culture (Foraging, Horticulture, Pastoralism, Agriculture, Industrialism & digital age)
Modernization theories - Modernization theory came to the prominence early on.
Modernization theory presumed that development and industrialization represented a natural path of economic development. These theorists presumed that all cultures, with the right resources, would follow a similar path of economic growth and development.
Money/currency - portable, durable, divisible, abstract, universal
Neocolonialism - the use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, esp. former dependencies.
Nomad/Nomadism – member of people that move place to place
Nuer (What culture – Nile Valley Where in the world – Sudan, Which anthropologist- Shandy, What was the key Problem/discovery - shows how refugees fleeing a perpetual civil war, manage to gain relocation in the United States and how they have sought to adapt tothe demands of life among Americans. A key to the process is the role played by the United Nations and social service agencies and the Nuer’s own determination to better themselves.
Pastoralism/pastoral economy - A subsistence strategy focusing on raising and caring for large herds of domesticated animals, A sustainable system if outside forces do not encroach on herding lands and water sources
Peasant/Family farming - form of agriculture combining subsistence and goods for sale in market system. 1 billion people worldwide practice family farming. More common in countries such as Mexico, India, Poland, Italy than in more industrialized economies.
Periphery – 3rd world, Africa, russia
Potlatch - Pot-latch is a redistributive network and competitive exchange of gifts through gift-giving feast. Host lavishes guests with abundance of best food and gifts. Fish oil, high-bush cranberries, seal meat; embroidered blankets, carved wooden boxes & bowls, woven mats, canoes. The more a chief gives, the more prestige he gains.
Production – rendering material items useful and available for human consumption.
Property relations/resource use - Property relations: animals are most important property, then housing (i.e. yurts, tents) and domestic goods (cookware).
Quechua (What culture - South America, Where in the world – Bolivia, Which anthropologist – Weatherford, What was the key problem/discovery – Inflation & Coca(Cocaine) leafs
Reciprocity (generalized, balanced, negative) - Principles of mutual gift giving and material support. (General - Exchange of goods and services without keeping track of exact value, Balanced, Negative - Each party seeks to benefit at the expense of the other, Barter).
Redistribution - The gathering together and then reallocation of food and resources to ensure everyone’s survival
Sedentism - Settlement pattern involving long-term, permanent settlements. Try to produce enough surplus to sustain themselves for 1-2 years of bad times. Develop methods for preserving surplus produce. Need to control population size due to limited surplus resources
Semi-periphery – 2nd world, india, mex, china
Settlement pattern - The way people distribute themselves in their environment, including: Where they locate their dwellings, How they group dwellings into settlements, How permanent or transitory those settlements are
Slash-and-burn/Swidden (5 stages: clearing, planting, weeding, harvest, fallowing) - A farming technique for preparing new fields by cutting down trees and bushes and then burning them to clear the land and enrich the soil with nutrients
Specialization of labor -
Subsistence agriculture vs. capital agriculture - Subst: self-sufficiency farming in which the farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their families. Capital: capital intensive with machinery and processed fertilizers rather than human and animal labor.
Surplus – having more than we need
Sustainability - stable and productive
Technology - cultural knowledge for making and using tools and extracting and refining raw materials.
Trade
Transhumance – practice among pastoralists of moving to new pastureland on a seasonal basis.
Triangle trade - Europeans was the development of the Triangle Trade. This trade route gained its name from the routes traveled by European ships from Europe, to Africa, to the Americas, and back to Europe. The triangle trade brought a great deal of wealth to Europe, thus further reinforcing its hold on the global economy.
While the triangle trade involved many different goods there were certain key factors:
Africa was involved primarily as a source of cheap labor. Europeans took advantage of the existing slave trade in Africa to buy large quantities of African slaves for export to the Americas. Slaves were needed in the Americas to work on a variety of plantations.
Underdevelopment - resources are not used to their full socio-economic potential, with the result that local or regional development is slower in most cases than it should be.
Usufruct/use rights - Pasture and migratory routes are usufruct.
Wet culture rice (What culture(s)? Where in the world? Which anthropologist(s), if
applicable? What was the key discovery? See PowerPoint section on agriculture & Wet Culture Rice clip) Female farming systems with women and girls in major role are found in southern India and Southeast Asia where wet rice agriculture predominates. Labor intensive method starting with seedlings in nurseries transplanted to flooded fields. Men do plowing; women own land, transplant seedings, weed and harvest. Women have high status.