Notes

Chapter 15 - The Ferment of Reform and Culture

1. The Deist faith embraced all of the following except the concept of original sin.

2. Deists like Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin endorsed the concept of a Supreme Being who created the universe.

3. By 1850, organized religion in America had lost some of its austere Calvinist rigor.

4. All the following are true of the Second Great Awakening except that it was not as large as the First Great Awakening.

5. Unitarians endorsed the concept of salvation through good works.

6. An early-nineteenth-century religious rationalist sect devoted to the rule of reason and free will was the Unitarians.

7. Religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening resulted in a strong religious influence in many areas of American life.

8. As a revivalist preacher, Charles Grandison Finney advocated, opposition to slavery, a perfect Christian kingdom on earth, opposition to alcohol and public prayer by women.

9. The greatest of the revival preachers of the Second Great Awakening was Charles G. Finney.

10. The Second Great Awakening tended to promote religious diversity.

11. The Mormon religion originated in the Burned-Over District of New York.

12. The religious sects that gained most from the revivalism of the Second Great Awakening were the Methodists and Baptists.

13. The Second Great Awakening tended to widen the lines between classes and regions.

14. The original prophet of the Mormon religion was Joseph Smith.

15. William Miller is least related to Brigham Young, The Book of Mormom, Salt Lake City, and polygamy.


16. One characteristic of the Mormons that angered many non-Mormons was their emphasis on cooperative or group effort.

17. Many of the denominational liberal arts colleges founded as a result of the Second Great Awakening lacked much intellectual vitality.

18. Tax-supported public education was deemed essential for social stability and democracy.

19. In the first half of the nineteenth century, tax-supported schools were chiefly available to educate the children of the poor.

20. Noah Webster’s dictionary helped to standardize the American language.

21. One strong prejudice inhibiting women from obtaining higher education in the early nineteenth century was the belief that too much learning would injure women’s brains and ruin their health.

22. Women became especially active in the social reforms stimulated by the Second Great Awakening because evangelical religion emphasized their spiritual dignity and religious social reform legitimized their activity outside the home.

23. Two areas where women in the nineteenth century were widely thought to be superior to men were moral sensibility and artistic refinement.

24. New England reformer Dorothea Dix is most notable for her efforts on behalf of prison and asylum reform.

25. The excessive consumption of alcohol by Americans in the 1800s stemmed from the hard and monotonous life of many.

26. Sexual differences were strongly emphasized in nineteenth-century America because the market economy increasingly separated men and women into distinct economic roles.

27. One sign that women in America were treated better than women in Europe was that rape was more severely punished in the U.S.

28. Neal Dow sponsored the Maine Law of 1851, which called for a ban on the

manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor.

29. By the 1850s, the crusade for women’s rights was eclipsed by abolitionism.

30. According to John Humphrey Noyes, the key to happiness is the suppression of selfishness.

31. The beliefs advocated by John Humphrey Noyes included all of the following except strictly monogamous marriages.

32. The key to Oneida’s financial success was the manufacture of steel animal traps and silverware.

33. The Oneida colony declined due to widespread criticism of its sexual practices.

34. The American medical profession by 1860 was noted for its still primitive standards.

35. Most of the utopian communities in pre-1860s America held cooperative social and economic practices as one of their founding ideals.

36. Of the following, the most successful of the early-nineteenth-century communitarian experiments was at Oneida, New York.

37. When it came to scientific achievement, America in the 1800s was more interested in practical matters.

38. Match each individual below with the correct description.

• Louis Agassiz- Harvard biologist

• Gilbert Stuart- portrait artist

• John J. Audubon- author of Birdsof America

39. America’s artistic achievements in the first half of the nineteenth century were least notable in architecture.

40. The Hudson River school excelled in the art of painting landscapes.

41. A genuinely American literature received a strong boost from the wave of nationalism that followed the War of 1812.

42. Match each writer below with his work.

• Washington Irving ,The Sketch Book with “Rip Van Winkle”

• James Fenimore Cooper-Leatherstocking Tales

• Ralph Waldo Emerson- “The American Scholar”

43. Transcendentalists believed that all knowledge came through an inner light.

44. All of the following influenced transcendental thought; German philosophers, Oriental religions, individualism, and love of nature.

45. “Civil Disobedience,” an essay that later influenced both Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King, Jr., was written by the transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau.

46. The Poet Laureate of Democracy, whose emotional and explicit writings expressed a deep love of the masses and enthusiasm for an expanding America, was Walt Whitman.

47. The most noteworthy southern novelist before the Civil War was William Gilmore Simms.

48. One American writer who did not believe in human goodness and social progress was

Edgar Allan Poe.

49. Match each writer below with his work. - Henry Wadsworth Longfellow-“Hiawatha” - Nathaniel Hawthorne- The Scarlet Letter

- Herman Melville- Moby Dick

50. Virtually all the distinguished historians of early-nineteenth-century America

came from New England.