Notes

monday
memorize poem
world history test topic 1, lesson 3
Spanish unit test

Jane eyre - the reeds
john reed
eliza
georgina
lowood school
gateshead hall
mr brockelherst
mr lloyd
bessie
ms abbot
ms temple
miss miller
helen burns
miss scratcherd

monday n next week
read jane eyre chap. 1-10 for monday
theology essay - monday 13th

maps n stuff for theology - 16th -
The Historical Books
One page for each book.
In each page you should describe the content of the book.

Draw or create 3 maps. (print)
Abraham’s Journey
Ancient Israel
Today’s Israel



Key Terms
Sacrament: sacred ritual of the Roman Catholic Church.
Benedictine rule: rules drawn up in 530 by Benedict, a monk, regulating monastic life. The Rule emphasizes obedience, poverty, and chastity and divides the day into periods of worship, work, and study.
Secular: having to do with worldly, rather than religious, matters; nonreligious.
Papal supremacy: the claim of medieval popes that they had authority over all secular rulers.
Canon law: body of laws of a church.
Excommunication: exclusion from the Roman Catholic Church as a penalty for refusing to obey Church law.
Interdict: in the Roman Catholic Church, excommunication of an entire region, town, or kingdom.
Friars: a medieval European monk who traveled from place to place preaching to the poor.
St. Francis of Assisi: (1181?-1226) came from a wealthy family and has been a fun-loving and worldly young man. He gave up his wealth to “walk in the footsteps” of Jesus. The first Franciscan friars were his followers, and together they lived a life of service to the poor and sick. Francis regarded all nature as the mirror of God, and called animals his brothers and sisters. Famous stories tell of him preaching to the birds and convincing a wolf to stop attacking townspeople, if they, in turn, would feed the wolf. The Church made him a saint in 1228.
Anti-Semitism: prejudice against Jews.
Usury: the practice of lending money at interest.
Schism: a split or divide.
Icons: the holy image of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a saint venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Great Schism: the official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches that occurred in 1054; another event was the Great Western Schism, a period when rival popes fought for exclusive power and divided the Roman Catholic Church from 1378-1417.
Simony: the buying or selling of ecclesiastical privileges; the selling of Church offices (no exact definition in the textbook).
Indulgence: a complex system was developed to calculate earthly penance for sins and the required time a person must spend in purgatory, a physical place in which the soul was punished for sins on Earth, after death. Priests would reduce a person’s penance or time in purgatory in exchange for contributions to the Church (no exact definition in the textbook).
Pope Gregory I:
In the early Middle Ages, the Church sent missionaries to spread Christianity.
In 597, Pope Gregory I sent Augustine to convert the Anglo-Saxons in England.
Augustine
A missionary sent by Pope Gregory I to convert the Anglo-Saxons in England.
Anglo-Saxons
A people who inhabited Great Britain from the 5th century. They comprise people from Germanic tribes who migrated to the island from continental Europe, their descendants, and indigenous British groups who adopted some aspects of Anglo-Saxon culture and language.
Why did Christians need to believe in Sacraments?
Christians believed that they needed the sacraments to achieve salvation, or the deliverance from sin into everlasting life.
(see above for definition of sacrament)
List the roles of a parish priest during the Medieval Times.
The priest of the parish (or local region) was often the only contact people had with the Church.
Celebrated mass and administered the other sacraments.
Passed on Church teachings.
Helped the sick and needy.
If he could read or write, he served as a teacher.
Collected the tithe (tax paid each year to the Church equal to 10% of a Christian’s income).
Describe the village church by the later Middle Ages
Grown into a social center and a place of worship.
Largest building in a village.
Life revolved around the church calendar.
Main events of a person’s life took place at the church (ex. Sacrament of baptism; marriage; sacrament for the dying; burial of the dead in the churchyard).
At first, the village church was a simple building; later, prosperous communities built larger churches of stone, rather than wood.
Some churches housed relics (the possessions or remains of saints and other holy figures).
Many people made pilgrimages (journeys to a sacred place) to pray or touch the relics.
How were women viewed and treated by the Medieval Church?
The Church taught that men and women were equal before God; on Earth, women were viewed as weak and easily led into sin (needed the guidance of men).
The Church offered the ideal woman, modest and pure in spirit, as reflected in Mary (whom Christians believed was the mother of Jesus).
Many churches were dedicated to Mary (called “mother of God” and “queen of heaven”).
Mary was a popular figure with many Christians who saw her as a sympathetic figure with the powers to help them in their struggles.
The Church tried to protect women; set a minimum age for marriage; Church courts sometimes fined men who seriously injured their wives.
Church upheld a double standard - punishing women more harshly than men for similar offenses.
Benedict
A monk
In 530, he organized the monastery of Monte Cassino in central Italy.
Created rules to regulate monastic life (Benedictine rule - see definition above) which was used by monasteries and convents across Europe.
What are the three religious vows?
Obedience to the abbot or abbess who headed the monastery or convent.
Poverty, or giving up worldly goods.
Chastity, or purity.
Ora et Labora
“Pray and work”
Each day was divided into periods for worship, work, and study.
The monasteries and convents
Basic social services they provided
Monks and nuns looked after the poor and sick and set up schools for children.
Travelers (especially Christian pilgrims traveling to holy shrines) could find food and a night’s lodging at many monasteries and convents.
Some monks and nuns worked in the outside world as missionaries; men and women risked their lives to spread Christian teachings across Europe (not a basic social service, just extra info.).
Cultural function
Monasteries and convents performed a vital cultural function by preserving the writings of the ancient world; libraries contained Greek and Roman works, which monks and nuns copied as a form of labor.
Monks and nuns wrote and taught Latin or Greek, the languages of the ancient world.
Works of service by the monks and nuns
(i think it’s just the same information as the monasteries and convents section)
Hildegard of Bingen
Served as abbess, heading her own convent
She composed religious music, wrote scholarly books, and had visions of the future
Popes and rulers sought her advice because reports of her prophecies spread
Identify the differences between the Eastern Church and the Western Church.
The Eastern Church
Called the Byzantine Christian Church or Eastern Orthodox Church
Had a number of patriarchs, or high-ranking clergy
Rejected the claim of papal supremacy
Use of Greek
The Western Church
Called the Roman Catholic Church
Had a single leader, the pope
Asserted their claim to papal supremacy
Use of Latin
The pope is the spiritual heir and representative of Christ on Earth.
Truce of God
By about 1000, the Church began to use its authority to limit feudal warfare.
It tried to enforce periods of peace known as the Truce of God.
It demanded that fighting stop between Fridays and Sundays and on religious holidays.
Such efforts may have contributed to the gradual decline in private feudal wars that had raged in Europe for centuries.
What did the Judeo-Christian teachings emphasize?
The value of the individual and the importance of social responsibility, or the idea of people helping one another, especially those in need.
Who outlawed marriage for priests? Why are priests not allowed to marry?
Priests sometimes devoted more time to interests of their families than to Church duties.
In 1073, Gregory VII, a former monk became pope and extended the Cluniac reforms throughout the entire Church. He prohibited simony and outlawed marriage for priests.
Abbot Berno
In the early 900s, he set out to reform his monastery of Cluny in eastern France.
He revived the Benedictine Rule, which required vows of obedience, poverty, and chastity.
He encouraged monks to follow solely religious pursuits and refused to allow nobles or bishops to interfere in monastery affairs.
Over the next 200 years, many monasteries and convents copied these reforms.
What were the Church criticized of?
Church political power grows
Simony
Selling of Indulgences
Growth of Church Wealth
See chart + info. on page 60 of textbook (screenshots below)
What was St. Dominic concerned about? What did the Dominican do to help Christian believers?
He was concerned about the spread of heresies, or religious beliefs that differed from accepted Church teachings.
The Dominicans worked to teach people about official Christian doctrines so they would not be tempted into heresies.
Jewish communities in Spain and northern Europe
Many Jewish communities thrived in Spain.
The Arab Muslims who gained control of Spain in the 700s were generally tolerant of both Christians and Jews.
Jewish culture flowered in Muslim Spain, which became a major center of Hebrew scholarship.
Jews also served as officials in Muslim royal courts.
Jews also lived in northern Europe.
During the early Middle Ages, Christians and Jews often lived side by side in relative peace.
Many Christian rulers valued and protected Jewish communities, although they taxed them heavily.
Early German kings had given educated Jews positions in their royal courts.