Notes

Desalination is a process that extracts mineral components from saline water

Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a water purification technology that uses a semipermeable membrane to remove ions, molecules and larger particles from drinking water.



Reverse Osmosis (RO) plants utilize selective membranes capable of separating fluids
of different salinity, permitting the diffusion of preferred liquid molecules, but widely
barring the penetration of solute molecules and other components. The driving force to
sustain the process is pressure applied to the saline water fed into the RO system
Membrane separation presents a favorable method for desalination of water especially
that of moderate salinity
As the osmotic pressure increases a salinity of water increases and hence the salt concentration on the high-pressure side of the membrane increases leaving us with fresh water on the other side.

Desalination of brackish groundwater has emerged as a major option to overcome water scarcity since quantity and quality of surface water are not appropriate for the continuously growing water demand . Photovoltaic (PV) solar energy powered reverse osmosis (RO) system can be the best option in secluded and isolated areas of the world that are suffering from a shortage of electric energy and drinking water. This technique is likely to be the lowest energy demanding technology among other desalination techniques

Pre-treatment is often required in RO since RO membranes are very susceptible to fouling.RO thin film composite (TFC) membranes are subjected to scaling and fouling by many substances, e.g., biological, particle, organic, mineral, etc. Appropriate pretreatment before RO can improve the efficiency of the RO systems by increasing the recovery rate, rejection ratio, and lowering the fouling and scaling problems.

Water is a basic need for well being, cleanliness and health in all sectors. The water treatment process may be different depending upon the application and the water treatment requirements, however, the fundamental standards to water purification are the same