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Emotions are affective responses (feelings) that are linked to changes in behavior and physiology
What influences motivation?
- instinct, drive reduction, arousal, incentive, cognitive
Instincts
- inborn, inflexible, goal-directed behavior that is characteristic of an entire species
- instincts: fixed behavior that is unlearned
- presumed to be biologically rooted, selected by evolution, that is necessary for survival
- examples
(spider weaves a wed, beaver builds a dam, chicks peck at food)
human psychology: Freud - instincts toward sex/aggression (i.e. the id)
evolutionary theory: we are "hard-wired" to reproduce and perpetuate genetic makeup (mating, parenting, jealousy)
- flaws (and why it is no longer favored)
circular logic: why are people aggressive? instinct
how do we know? bc there's aggression
a behavior is attributed to an instinct that is inferred from the behavior
doesn't account for many behaviors (why do we like cooking or traveling?)
Instinct as "in the genes" is simplistiv
- many "instincts" are shaped by environment
- imprinting
- Gottlieb's embryonic studies: manipulates prenatal exposure to vocalizations and tests their "imprinting"
first exposes them to chicken vocalizations
then removes mother vocalizations
then removes their own vocalizations
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