Notes

Chapter 22 Concepts:
1. The Osman Turks started on the Anatolian peninsula in Turkey. As the Seljuk Turks declined, the Osman began to expand and the Ottoman Dynasty began. The Ottoman empire was the Muslim empire at that time. They were Sunni Muslims and they were responsible for guiding the flock and keeping Islamic law. They were tolerant of non-Muslims, but they had to pay a tax. The Safavid dynasty started with Shah Ismail and they started off in Azerbaijan near the Caspian Sea. They were also Muslims, but they were Shiite Muslims which caused conflicts between him and Suleiman of the Ottomans. Babur was the founder of the Mughals and he united the Hindu and Muslim kingdoms of India. He took the Khyber Pass in northwest India and the city of New Delhi in North India. The ruling class was all Muslim but the commoners were all Hindus. This didn't cause a conflict until Aurangzeb came in and tried to convert everyone to Islam which caused social unrest.

2. Before the Mongols took over, the Islamic heartlands were all separated into the Abbasids, Seljuks and Buyids. The Abbasids had control over North Africa, all of Saudi Arabia, and parts of present day Turkey. They came after the Umayyads and their capital was at Baghdad. The Seljuks took over the Abbasids, and ruled over the same area in the 9th century. They were also Turkish. The Buyids were around the northern border or Saudi Arabia and they took control of Baghdad around the 970s.