Notes

LIBERAL---Classical liberalism is a belonging to liberalism in which primary emphasis is placed on securing the freedom of the individual by limiting the power of the government. The philosophy emerged as a response to the Industrial Revolution and urbanization in the 19th century in Europe and the United States. It advocates civil liberties with a limited government under the rule of law, private property, and belief in laissez-faire economic policy. Classical liberalism is built on ideas that had already arisen by the end of the 18th century, such as selected ideas of Adam Smith, John Locke, Jean-Baptiste Say, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo. It drew on a psychological understanding of individual liberty, the contradictory theories of natural law and utilitarianism, and a belief in progress. Classical liberals were more suspicious than conservatives of all but the most minimal government and, they believed government had been created by individuals to protect themselves from one another.

MEANING OF FLAG COLORS---The black-white-red striped German flag was adopted by the North German Confederation in 1867, as a combination of the black-white of Prussia and the red-white of Brandenburg. In 1871 it was adopted as merchant flag for the German Empire. The colors of the flag were the colors of the German soldiers during the Napoleonic Wars.

ANARCHIST---Anarchism is often defined as a political philosophy which holds the state to be undesirable, unnecessary, or harmful. Therefore, they argue instead that anarchism entails opposing authority in the conduct of human relations, including, but not limited to, the state system. Proponents of anarchism also known as "anarchists". The central tendency of anarchism as a mass social movement has been represented by anarcho-communism and anarcho-syndicalism, which did nevertheless have an impact on the bigger currents and individualists also participated in large anarchist organizations.

LAWS IN GERMANY---German Jews founded the Ashkenazi Jewish community in the Early (5th to 10th centuries CE) and High Middle Ages (c.1000-1299 CE). Poisoning during the Black Death (1346–53) led to mass slaughter of German Jews, and their fleeing in large numbers to Poland. In January 1933, some 522,000 Jews lived in Germany. Over half (approximately 304,000) emigrated during the first six years of the Nazi dictatorship, leaving only approximately 214,000 Jews in Germany proper (1937 borders) on the eve of World War II. The remaining community was nearly eradicated in the Holocaust following deportations to the East. By the end of the war between 160,000 and 180,000 German Jews had been killed in the genocide officially sanctioned and executed by the Third Reich. After the war the Jewish community started to slowly grow again. By the 21st century, the Jewish population of Germany approached 200,000, and Germany had the only growing Jewish community in Europe. Jewish immigration from Roman Italy is considered the most likely source of the first German Jews.

HOUSEWIFE---It includes the study of the history of the growth of woman's rights throughout recorded history, the examination of individual women of historical significance, and the effect that historical events have had on women. Inherent in the study of women's history is the belief that more traditional recordings of history have minimized or ignored the contributions of women and the effect that historical events had on women as a whole; in this respect, woman's history is often a form of historical revisionism. The main centers of scholarship have been the U.S. and Britain, where second-wave feminist historians, influenced by the new approaches promoted by social history, led the way. They felt it imperative to find out about the lives of their foremothers—and found very little scholarship in print. History was written mainly by men and about men's activities in the public sphere—war, politics, diplomacy and administration. Women are usually excluded and, when mentioned, are usually portrayed in sex-stereotypical roles, such as wives, mothers, daughters and mistresses. History is value-laden in regard to what is considered historically 'worthy'.

WAR IN EUROPE, SLOWED THE ARRIVAL OF IMMIGRANTS---By far the largest number of German immigrants went to America in search of an improved standard of living. German immigration boomed in the 19th century. Wars in Europe and America had slowed the arrival of immigrants for several decades starting in the 1770s, but by 1830 German immigration had increased more than tenfold. From that year until World War I, almost 90 percent of all German emigrants chose the United States as their destination. Once established in their new home, these settlers wrote to family and friends in Europe describing the opportunities available in the U.S. These letters were circulated in German newspapers and books, also known as "chain migrations." By 1832, more than 10,000 immigrants arrived in the U.S. from Germany. By 1854, that number had jumped to nearly 200,000 immigrants.