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Cell respirations makes ATP
- Glucose is used to begin cellular respiration
* Redox of glucose supplies the energy to make ATP
If oxygen is used, respiration is aerobic
If oxygen is NOT used, respiration is anaerobic
Oxygen is also not used during fermentation
In aerobic respiration, mitochondria produce ATP using electrons from NADH and FADH2
*ETC and chemiosmosis are used to make ATP
Aerobic cell respiration has 4 phases:
1. Glycolysis
2. The preparatory reaction
3. The Krebs cycle
4. Oxidative phosphorylation
PHOSPHORYLATION
In heterotrophs, ATP is produced in 2 ways
*Substrate phosphorylation
** An enzyme moves Pi from substrate to ADP
**Occurs in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
*ATP is made by converting energy during redox
*Occurs during ETC and chemosis
*In aerobes, oxygen is required during this process
Oxidative phosphorylation produces far more molecules than substrate-level
phosphorylation of ADP
ATP is made from ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate)
ADP + Pi <-------> ATP
The reaction to the right is endergonic (Absorb)
The reaction to the left is exergonic (Release)
ATP is continually produced in cell and used almost immediately after production
*There is no storage of ATP in cells
Electron Acceptors in respiration
Oxidizing agents are used to move electrons around
*Electron acceptors move electrons to the ETC
Two oxidizing agents used are NAD+ and FAD+
*These are the oxidized forms
*NAD+ reduces to NADH
*FAD+ reduces to FADH2
The molecules are reduced during parts of cell respiration
Glycolysis
Occurs in the cytoplasm (cytosol) of the cell
*Breaks glucose down into 2 molecules of pyruvate
The process first begins by using 2 ATP molecules
*Energy investment
Followed by energy harvesting
*4 ATP and 2 NADH molecules are made
*There are only a net of 2 ATP
*NADH travels to the ETC to be used
*Glycolysis ends with the production of pyruvate
The preparatory reaction
Occurs within the mitochondria
Turns pyruvate into Acetyl Coenzyme A
*pyruvate is decarboxylated as it is oxidized by NAD+
** a molecule of co2 is removed
NADH is transferred to the etc
co enzyme a is added to the molecule
Acetyl coa is now complete
acetyl coa is nesscary for step one of the krebs cycle
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