Notes

Premise one : The universe began to exist from a state where it did not exist (nothing)

4 lines of evidence to establish this.

a) empirical evidence for expansion (CMBR, Redshift of galaxies) + BGV theorem (any expanding universe has a beginning even if in a multiverse and if the universe was contracting before expanding, that universe is too unstable to exist)

b) The big bang theory, the most accepted that states there is a beginning to the universe fourteen billion years ago.

c) Second law of thermodynamics - Usable energy turns to heat and atoms become disordered overtime. If the universe is eternal, there would be no usable energy and only heat by now since all of the usable energy would turn to heat. However, there is usable energy therefore the universe is not eternal and had a beginning. This law applies to all closed systems and the universe is a closed system and even applies to the universe since scientists believe that the universe will achieve full heat and no leftover usable energy during the heat death of the universe sometime in the future. However, if the universe is eternal, should not this event with full heat and absence of usable energy have already happened since the universe has had a past eternity where this law could have taken course and effect for an infinity?

d) Singularity and infinite sequence of events. If the singularity of the big bang or the universe is past-eternal, then it would have to undergo an infinite past sequence of events before getting to the big bang meaning that the singularity would never get to the rapid expansion of the big bang due to being eternally stuck in past infinity before getting to the big bang (infinite regress). and even if we assume b theory that the flow of time is an illusion and it is the object that moves through time and that time is equally real. Then the singularity would still be moving towards the big bang for a past eternity and would not get to the big bang due to being stuck and moving forever in a past infinity. Therefore, the singularity would not get to the big bang due to infinite regress.

Premise two : Whatever "reality" the universe emerged from was nothing.

Establish that there was no natural entities where the universe emerged from. The universe is by definition all of reality. The universe is by definition all of space and there could be no space outside the universe. So WHERE does this supposed thing outside the universe exist if there is no space? If it naturally exists nowhere, it does not exist anywhere. admitting anything outside this would automatically mean the supernatural exists

Premise three : out of nothing, nothing comes

"Ex nihilo, nihil fit" -logic and laws of thought are necessary.

Premise four : You would need a cause transcedental to explain this phenomenon + establish the properties of the cause