Notes

culture N.A.
great plains tribes were hunters
Osage kayawa sue and shyan gathered food
integrated trade, advanced tools different clothing
horses helped farmers with plowing and hunting
counting cu -tag
killing natives for trespassing
take penmican to berries and jerky
Families extended families that shared same language.
Men were hunters and warriors
Women maids and chose husbands
Medical women and men More sensitive to spirits
settlers push westward white settlers were immigrants for land
Indians thought it was a gift whites did not if not staked then it is ours.
Strong restrictions on N.A.
boundries with each tribe
Tribes moved to one territorry. War.
1864 Massecure At San Creek, cheyenne camped for the winter to survive But Gen. S. R Curtis
Cheyenne and Arapaho—about 200 warriors and 500 women and children—camped at Sand Creek. The attack at dawn on November 29, 1864 ,killed over 150 inhabitants, mostly women and children.
DEATH ON THE BOZEMAN TRAIL
Trail ran through sue hunting grounds
Chief red-cloud tryed to end white settlement did not happen
December 1866 Crazy-horse ambush captain W. J. fetterman and company lodge ridge over 80 soldiers died
N.A. called it the battle of 100 Slain. Whites called it Fettermans Massiqure
treaty of Fort Laramie- Sioux agreed to live on a reservation along the Missouri River 1868
Sitting Bull never sign the treaty. Ogala and Brule Sioux did sign the treaty, they expected to continue using their traditional hunting grounds.
The Treaty of Fort Laramie provided only a temporary halt to warfare.
RED RIVER WAR
Kiowa and Comanche- six years of raiding
Red River War of 1874–1875.
The U.S. Army responded by herding the people of friendly tribes onto reservations while opening fire on all others. General Philip Sheridan, a Union Army veteran, gave orders “to destroy their villages and ponies, to kill and hang all warriors, and to bring back all women and children.”
GOLD RUSH
Within four years of the Treaty of Fort Laramie, miners began searching the Black Hills for gold.
The Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho protested to no avail. In 1874, when Colonel George A. Custer reported that the Black Hills had gold “from the grass roots down,” a gold rush was on. Red Cloud and Spotted Tail, another Sioux chief, vainly appealed again to government officials in Washington.
CUSTER'S LAST STAND
Sitting Bull had a vision of soldiers and some Native Americans falling from their horses. When Colonel Custer and his troops reached the Little Bighorn River, the Native Americans were ready for them.
Led by Crazy Horse, Gall, and Sitting Bull
THE DAWES ACT
The Government Supports Assimilation: a plan under which Native Americans would give up their beliefs and way of life and become part of the white culture. In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Act aiming to “Americanize” the Native Americans. The act broke up the reservations and gave some of the reservation land to individual Native Americans—160 acres to each head of household and 80 acres to each unmarried adult. The government would sell the remainder of the reservations to settlers, In the end, the Native Americans received no money from the sale of these lands.
THE DESTRUCTION OF THE BUFFALO
Perhaps the most significant blow to tribal life on the plains was the destruction of the buffalo. Tourists and fur traders shot buffalo for sport. U.S. General Sheridan noted with approval that buffalo hunters were destroying the Plains Indians' main source of food, clothing, shelter, and fuel. In 1800, approximately 65 million buffalo roamed the plains; by 1890, fewer than 1000 remained. In 1900, the United States sheltered, in Yellowstone National Park, a single wild herd of buffalo.
The Battle of Wounded Knee, South Dakota
December 28, 1890, The Sioux continued to suffer poverty and disease. In desperation, they turned to a Paiute prophet who promised that if the Sioux performed a ritual called the Ghost Dance, Native American lands and way of life would be restored. The Ghost Dance movement spread rapidly among the 25,000 Sioux on the Dakota reservation. Alarmed military leaders ordered the arrest of Sitting Bull. In December 1890, about 40 Native American police were sent to arrest him. Sitting Bull's friend and bodyguard, Catch-the-Bear, shot one of them. The police then killed Sitting Bull. In the aftermath, Chief Big Foot led the fearful Sioux away.
A shot was fired; from which side, it was not clear. The soldiers opened fire with deadly cannon. Within minutes, the Seventh Cavalry slaughtered as many as 300 mostly unarmed Native Americans, including several children.The soldiers left the corpses to freeze on the ground. This event, the Battle of Wounded Knee, brought the Indian wars—and an entire era—to a bitter end.