Notes

Bases:
-Bases can be identified by their formula having OH on the right side. Common bases include: Household ammonia (ammonium hydroxide), Caustic soda (sodium hydroxide), etc.
-Some bases are much stronger than other bases.
Reading Check:
1. How can you recognize a base by its formula?
It will have OH on the right side of the formula.
2. State which base is present in:
(a) milk of magnesia
Magnesium Hydroxide
(b) drain cleaner
Sodium Hydroxide
(c) household ammonia
Ammonium Hydroxide
3. Give an example of a highly reactive base
Drain cleaner
4. What is another term used to describe highly reactive bases?
Caustic

Production of Ions:
-A solution that is either acidic or basic can conduct electricity because it contains freely moving ions.
-Acids produce hydrogen atoms (H+) when dissolved in solution.
-Bases produce hydroxide atoms (OH-) when dissolved in solution.
-Testing the pH of a solution is a way of measuring its concentration of hydrogen atoms, H+ (aq).
-Concentration of hydrogen ions refers to the number of hydrogen ions in a specific volume of solution.
-Solutions with a low concentration of hydrogen ions are highly acidic (low pH).
-Solutions with a high concentration of hydrogen ions are highly basic (high pH).
-Because H+ and OH- ions react with each other, a solution can't have a high H+ concentration and a high OH- concentration at the same time.
-For this reason, acids and basics are considered to be chemical opposites.
-When separate solutions containing H+ and OH- ions combine, they react by forming water.
-(H+) + (OH-) -> H 2 0
-When an acidic solution is combined with a basic solution, the solutions can neutralize each other, meaning they are in balance.
-In many cases, (but not all cases) this reaction produces a neutral solution.

Properties of Acids and Bases:
-Acids and Bases have many properties in common, and several ver important differences.
Taste:
-Acids taste sour.
(i.e. vinegar, lemons, limes, etc.)
-Bases taste bitter.
(i.e. tonic water)
Touch:
-Many acids will burn your skin
-Bases feel slippery
-Many bases can burn your skin
Indicator Tests:
-Acids turn blue litmus paper red.
-Bases turn red litmus paper blue.
Reactions with metals:
-Acids corrode metals
-Bases have no reaction.
Electrical conductivity:
-Both conductive
pH:
-Acids: less than 7
-Bases: more than 7
Production of Ions:
-Acids for hydrogen (H+) ions when dissolved in solution
-Bases form hydroxide (OH-) ions when dissolved in solution.

Acid-Base Neutralization:
-Many products you use are produced through acid-base neutralization.
-Neutralization (acid-base) is the name for the type of chemical reaction that occurs when and acid and a base combine to form water or salt.
acid + base = salt + water
HCl + NaOH = NaCl + H 2 O
-In this reaction, the salt that is produced is sodium chloride, which is table salt.
Aluminum sulfate is prepared by dissolving aluminum hydroxide in sulfuric acid. The reaction is:
acid + base = salt + water
3H 2 SO 4 + 2Al(OH) 3 + Al 2 (SO4) 3 + 6H 2 O

Metal Oxides and Non-Metal Oxides:
-Metals react with oxygen to create oxides
-An oxide is a chemical compound that includes at least one oxygen atom or ion along with one or more other elements.
-A metal oxide is a chemical compound that contains a metal chemically combined with oxygen.
-When a metal oxide dissolves in water, the solution becomes basic.
Na2O(s) 􏰁 H2O(􏰄) ➔ 2NaOH(aq) (a base) sodium hydroxide
-When fuels such as coal and gasoline are burned, they combine with oxygen.
-The products are non-metal oxides, which are released into the atmosphere.
-The non-metal oxides dissolve in rainwater to produce acid precipitation.
-The periodic table organizes elements based on similar chemical properties.
Reading Check:
1. What two types of pure substances are produced from the neutralization of an acid and a base?
Table salt and ...
2. What environmental problem is associated with the burning of coal and gasoline?
Acid precipitation.
3. When a non-metal oxide is mixed with water, does the water become acidic or basic?
Acidic.
4. When a metal oxide is mixed with water, does the water become acidic or basic?
Basic.