Notes

Why shift in thinking about Science?
The Renaissance contained religious people being prompted to challenge the accepted ways of thinking about God. This encouraged challenging of ideas and old assumptions in the way we thought about the universe which would come to be known as the Sci. Rev.

Ideas of science before and after the changes - several specific examples
Before:
-people looked to ancient philosophers or the Bible for answers
-earth is located at the center of the universe - geocentricity, God's work (Aristotle and Ptolemy)
-no logical approach to solving scientific problems
-little knowledge of/people didn't want to learn about the human body
-everything made of 4 elements (Aristotle)
After:
-utilizing the Scientific Method (Descartes, Bacon), people didn't have to rely on the Bible or ancient ideas to get answers to scientific questions
-astronomers like Copernicus, Galileo, etc. prove that the universe is heliocentric
-many new scientific instruments produced
-Vesalius - dissection of human corpses
-Boyle - founder of modern chemistry

Define Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, know their connection
Sci. Rev. - questioning of ancient scientific philosophies, rooted in the Renaissance
Enlightenment - after Sci. Rev, people started to question fundamental beliefs in other areas of life like government religion and econ. -> Enlightenment

Basic beliefs of philosophes
Reason, Nature (what is natural is good), Happiness (seek well being on earth, not in afterlife), Progress, Liberty (Glorious Revolution, Bill of Rights, etc.)

State of nature and social contract
State of nature - a system in which there are no laws or principles to guide people.
Social contract - an agreement between a government and its people which, in Hobbes' eyes, gives the leader total control within the contract.
Scientific Method

Salons
Social gatherings held by wealthy women where philosophers, writers, artists, scientists, and other intellects discuss ideas.

Enlightened despotism, examples, what they try to do
Rulers who tried to include enlightenment ideas into their reforms. Examples: Frederick the Great and Joseph II. They tried to do things like abolish serfdom and strengthen their country, but they were often prevented from doing this because of their own personal desire.

New art and music styles - baroque, classical, neoclassical
Baroque - new art style, grand and ornate design, seen in places like Versailles
Neoclassical - art style after Baroque, simple and elegant style, borrowed ideas from Greece and Rome.
Classical - new light and elegant style of music.

Role of women in the Enlightenment, examples
Many philosophe ideas took traditional view towards women. However, women writers tried to improve their status. Mary Astell's A Serious Proposal to the Ladies addressed education. Mary Wollstonecraft published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, which argued women are equal to men.

People (VOCAB):
Copernicus - first one to propose heliocentricity, though his theory did still have some holes in it.
Galileo - built on the theory of heliocentricity. Built more modern telescopes. Published Starry Messenger, which supported ideas of Copernicus. These ideas went against church and he was threatened into agreeing that Copernicus was wrong.
Newton - proposed 3 fundamental laws of motion, explained gravity, published The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
Boyle - founder of modern chemistry. Published The Skeptical Chemist, where he challenged idea of 4 elements.
Vesalius - disproved old assumption that human anatomy was the same as that of other animals. Published On the Structure of the Human Body, first one to dissect human corpses.
Descartes - developed analytical geometry, relied on mathematics and logic to play a part in the development of the Scientific Method.
Hobbes - published Leviathan, believed that the ideal system of government was one with an absolute ruler and a social contract. The Leviathan is the combined power of the people and the ruler, who rely on each other.
Locke - believed humans were naturally good, thought humans had basic rights - life, liberty, and property, disliked absolute monarchy and favored self-government. Citizens can overthrow if ruler doesn't grant 3 basic rights.
Voltaire - published over 70 books on politics and philosophy, used satire, targeted clergy, government, and aristocracy. Jailed twice, exiled to England. "I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it."
Rousseau - Individual freedom, believed in a much more free social contract than Hobbes, believed in equality - very broad democracy.
Montesquieu - Separation of powers - 3 branches of government (judicial, executive, legislative), strong believer in checks and balances.
Diderot - creator of the very first encyclopedia, financed by a salon hostess.
Mary Wollstonecraft - published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, which argued women are equal to men.
Mary Astell - published A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, which addressed education.