Notes

Teacher:

Environmental problems are caused directly or indirectly by the patterns of production by industries, patterns of consumption and behavior of the consumers. The shaping of attitude and values, commitment and skills needed to preserve and protect the environment begins at an early age. Hence educators play an influential role in developing new patterns of behaviors for individuals. Accordingly, aims to determine the level of knowledge, environmental concern and ecologically conscious consumer behavior and identify the extent of involvement in nature‐related activities of school teachers. Also investigates the relationships between these variables. The subjects were 285 school teachers who were randomly selected from ten regular government schools in the state of Selangor, Malaysia. A survey was conducted using drop and collect method. The data illustrated the presence of high level of environmental concern among the teachers. The environmental knowledge was fair but generally poor in understanding of the underlying causes of environmental problems. The practices of environmentally responsible behavior were not in concert with the level of concern and knowledge. The respondents were not actively involved in nature‐related activities. Proposes ways of enhancing the ecological awareness and responsibilities of the teachers.

Utility Workers:

Indirect effects result from changes in direct employment and can also be either positive
or negative. If direct employment increases, then there is a ‘multiplier’ effect because
those people directly employed spend their salaries on goods and services. This can create
additional employment in the sectors supplying those goods and services (or reduce
employment if direct employment decreases). However, if increased expenditure on waste
management means that there is less expenditure in other sectors, then jobs in those
sectors may be lost. This is known as a ‘crowding-out’ effect.
The interaction between the direct and indirect effects changes the structure and
composition of the overall demand for labour in the economy. This is termed the net
macroeconomic effect and needs to be understood in order to evaluate the impact of
waste management policies on total employment. Whether there is a net increase or
reduction in aggregate employment depends upon two key factors. Firstly, whether waste
management activities are more labour intensive than other activities, so that expenditure
on waste management results in more jobs than equivalent expenditure elsewhere.
Secondly, whether waste management expenditure feeds through into higher product
prices and lower real wages, which may affect labour supply.
The current basis for policy appraisal is cost-benefit analysis (CBA) which usually focuses
on the sectors that will be directly impacted by a policy. As a result, the analysis may fail
to capture significant indirect effects on other sectors of the economy. In addition, the
theory underlying CBA assumes that no social costs arise from unemployment. For these
reasons, there may be a need to supplement any CBA with information on either
employment effects or wider macroeconomic effects. Potential approaches include:
· supply side approaches: using data on the supply of labour, for example the number
of tonnes of waste per job for a particular type of treatment, to determine direct
employment effects ;
· demand side approaches: using data on jobs per unit of expenditure, to estimate direct
and first order indirect employment effects, but not overall net effects; and
· macroeconomic modelling approaches: modelling the interactions between direct and
indirect employment effects to determine the impact that changes in a sector's supply
and demand for goods and services will have on employment and the wider economy.
Each type of approach has advantages and disadvantages. These include the scope of the
indirect impacts taken into account, the accuracy of results and the complexity of model
specification. It should be noted though that the supply and demand side approaches only
cover employment effects that are directly (or indirectly via multipliers) linked to the
measure under consideration. They cannot be used to answer questions as to what the
effect of a particular measure is on the overall (macroeconomic) level of employment. This
question can only be answered using macroeconomic modelling approaches, even though
the results of such models are subject to significant uncertainty. These issues are
explored through an examination of supply-side data on waste management-related
employment and then through the case studies.

Students:
The topic of environmental protection has attained highest importance in this era globally but the practices of basic concepts waste disposal are often neglected. People around the globe are aware of the impact of improper waste disposal practices, but the negative attitude of implementation gives rise to chaotic situations. This study was conducted to obtain baseline information about waste management practices among school children in Kerala. This cross sectional study was conducted using a well designed and validated questionnaire. Out of one thousand students of a high school and higher secondary school from Thrissur City in Kerala, 300 were randomly selected. The data analyzed using student t-test showed, high school students are more aware about household waste management than the higher secondary school students. It is evident from this study that there is significant difference between awareness and practice. Our study reveals the necessity of giving mass awareness to the impact of waste disposal practices from the beginning of school education. Committed environmental education will inculcate a proper and appropriate environmental culture in the students. As the study revealed awareness of e-waste disposal is lacking there is an urgent need to rectify this gap in knowledge and practice.

Awareness, Attitude and Practice of School Students towards Household Waste Management (PDF Download Available). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269520226_Awareness_Attitude_and_Practice_of_School_Students_towards_Household_Waste_Management [accessed Feb 27 2018].