Notes

In figure-skating competitions, singles and pairs skaters are judged on the basis of two programs: a short program with mandatory requirements and a long program designed to show the skater’s skill and grace. Jumps fall into two main groups: the edge jumps (such as the axel, the salchow, and the loop), which take off from one foot; and the toe jumps (such as the toe loop, the flip, and the lutz), which are edge jumps assisted by a vault off the toe pick of the other foot. Additional pair moves, involving a man and a woman skating together, include lifts and throw jumps. Ice dance is similar to pairs in that two people skate together, but—unlike pairs—ice dancers do not perform jumps or spins and do only certain kinds of lifts. Instead, ice dancers focus on creating footwork and body movements that express dance on ice. In synchronized team skating, also known as precision skating, a team of skaters performs together, executing various movements, formations, and step sequences.