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Yüksek derecede aşınmaya uğramış olan volkanın son olarak, Roma dönemi madeni paralarındaki betimlemelere dayanarak, MÖ 253 yılında püskürdüğü söylenebilir.
Erciyes, 3.916 metreye ulaşan zirvesi ile İç Anadolu'nun en yüksek dağıdır. Torosların kuzeydoğu uzantısı olan Aladağlar'ın en yüksek noktası olduğu kabul edilmektedir ve Alpin kuşağına dahildir.
Dağı Argaeus (Ἀργαῖος) olarak adlandırılan ünlü gezgin ve coğrafyacı Strabon, zirvesinin hiçbir zaman kardan arınmadığını ve açık bir günde zirvesinden Karadeniz ve Akdeniz'in görülebildiğini yazmıştır. Günümüzde zirvesinin sadece kuzey yamacında bir buzulu kalan Erciyes'in zirvesinden Dünya'nın yuvarlaklığı sebebi ile Akdeniz ve Karadeniz'i görmek mümkün değildir.
Mount Erciyes (Turkish: Erciyes Dağı), also known as Argaeus, is a volcano in Turkey. It is a large stratovolcano that is surrounded by many monogenetic vents and lava domes, and one maar. The bulk of the volcano is formed by lava flows of andesitic and dacitic composition. At some time in the past, part of the summit collapsed towards the east.
The volcano began to form in the Miocene. At first, a volcano farther east named Koç Dağ formed from lava flows. Then, again to the east, large explosive eruptions formed a caldera. During the Pleistocene, Erciyes proper grew inside the caldera together with a group of lava domes. Lateral eruptions of Erciyes may have generated ash layers in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean during the early Holocene.
The last eruptions occurred during the early Holocene and may have deposited ash as far away as Palestine; the occurrence of historical volcanism is uncertain. Future eruptions of Erciyes may endanger cities in the north.
The volcano was glaciated during the Pleistocene, and one regular glacier still exists today, but is receding.
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