Notes

1. what is the purpose of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactions
-hydrolysis (water cutting) lysis means to cut. split the molecules into 2 by adding water into it
-dehydration synthesis (opposite) suck the water out to combine it.
2. what are the properties of water
-Cohesion ability to stick to itself
-adhesion ability to stick on other substances (phloem xylem)
-surface tension how hard it is to break or stretch the surface (stickiness)
-water specific heat it is really good at absorbing heat and maintaining temperature
(high specific heat) good at absorbing and holding heat
-evaporative cooling high heat of vaporization which is responsible for moderating temperature. (sweating)
3. what is the difference between competitive and noncompetitive inhibition
Competitive- something will block the active site blocking the substrate
noncompetitive- binds somewhere else on the enzyme so the active site got changed and the substrate cannot get in.
Cofactors that are helpers for enzymes they bind onto enzymes
cofactors that are organic like vitamins are called coenzymes (inorganic help it react)
4. what are the different types of transport mechanisms across cell membranes
-Passive transport- 1. diffusion or facilitated diffusion
1. diffusion- anything can go through the bilayer
2. facilitated diffusion- requires a transport protein for specific substrate/molecule
-Active Transport uses atp to pump substrates across the lipid bilayer
water goes from hypo to hyper
5. know the endosymbiont theory
-refers to such a cell that lives within another cell, which his called the host cell. the proposed ancestors of mitochondria were aerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes that become endosymbionts; the proposed ancestors of plastids were photosynthetic prokaryotes that became endosymbionts.
6. know the process of photosynthesis
-
7. know the process of aerobic respiration (glycolysis krebs and etc) and know how many NADH FADH2 and ATP are produced at each step.
-Step 1. Glycolysis get 2 atp 2 nadh and 2 pyruvates
-step 2. (aerobic) conversion of pyruvate to acetyl coA (using 2 pyruvates you get an outcome of 2 NADH's)
-step 3. citric acid cycle 2 atp per glucose 6 nadh and 2 FADH2
-step 4. ETC (take place on the mitochondrial matrix) final about 32-34 ATP
8. what is chemiosmosis
-the hydrogen gradient in the etc will go through the membrane to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP because of the difference in PH. from inner mitochondrial membrane to mitochondrial matrix
9.know the steps of mitosis
prophase metaphase anaphase telphase
10.know the steps of meiosis
prophase 1(crossing over occurs here) metaphase 1 anaphase 1 telephase 1
11. know the differences between mitosis and meiosis
2n->n is meiosis and mitosis 2n->2n
12.what does the null hypothesis test

13. know how to do and analyze chi-square tests

14. know how to do monohybrid, dihybrid crosses sex linked crosses and how to read the results

*which diseases are dominate sexlinked or recessive