Notes

Questions From Today:
- A LABA must always be prescribed alongside a ...?
- Describe, in terms of PEFR, how moderate, severe and life threatening exacerbations of asthma/COPD are classified
- Where is the trachea palpated?
- Where is the sternal angle found?
- At what vertebral level does the larynx become the trachea? What important muscle is also found at this level?
- Which vertebrae do the phrenic nerves plug in to?
- Describe Horner's Syndrome
- If a non-smoker gets a lung cancer, what type is it likely to be?
- Adenocarcinoma secretes ...?
- Small cell lung cancer secretes ...?
- Squamous cell lung cancer secretes ...?
- PTH, which is secreted in excess by squamous cell lung cancers, can cause the patient to develop ...?
- The rima glottidis is ...?
- Obstructive disease with raised eosinophils =
- Obstructive disease with raised neutrophils =
- Asian man with night sweats, fever and weight loss has ...?
- Is sarcoidosis a caseating or non-caseating granuloma?
- How do you diagnose a Legionella infection (e.g. legionella pneumonia)?
- D-sign on xray =
- Describe how a patient with diabetic ketoacidosis would present
- Thumbprint sign on a head x-ray = ???
- Epiglottis is usually cause by *bacteria* and is treated with ...?
- Describe which parts of the medulla cause inspiration, passive expiration and active expiration
- Describe the functions of the pneumotaxic and apneustic centres in the pons
- Chlamydia Psittaci usually causes infection in people who ...?
- Klebsiella pneumonia typically occurs in ...?
- HIV patients typically get what type of pneumonia?
- Rust coloured sputum?
- Which of the following is finger clubbing NOT seen in: Bronchiectasis, COPD, Pulmonary Fibrosis, Honeycomb lung
- Tram-line shadowing on CXR =
- Wedge shaped infarct on CXR =
- Heel prick blood testing for CF occurs in all neonates. If this is positive, what test diagnoses Cystic Fibrosis?
- Positive cold agglutinins =
- Woman found with PE, sexually active, not on contraceptive pill = what diagnostic test?
- PE + Previous cancer = what diagnostic test?
- Is V/Q scan or CTPA preferred for PE scanning in pregnant women? Why?
- What is Caplan's Syndrome?
- Diagnostic test for anaphylactic shock?
- Typical treatment plan for H.Pylori infection?
- Campylobacter, Salmonella and Shigella infections should all be treated with ... if they do not self limit.
- If the above 3 conditions are not treatable by Ciprofloxacin, what alternative treatment should be given?
- Typhoid fever treatment?
- Why is the first line treatment for Typhoid not usually the one that's given?
- How is C.Diff infection diagnosed?
- What is the blind therapy for an Endocarditis of unknown cause?
- Treatment plans for subacute, acute and prosthetic valve endocarditis?
- What bacteria usually cause each of the three types of endocarditis listed above?
- CURB65 score 0-2 = what treatment?
- CURB65 score 3-5 = what treatment?
- Hospital acquired pneumonia = what treatment?
- Bronchopneumonia characterised by eosinophilic/neutrophilic infection?

- The first part of the nasal cavity is lined by what kind of epithelium?
- As you get deeper into the nasal cavity, this epithelium becomes ...?
- What type of epithelium lines the oropharynx?
- The larynx is completely lined by ... apart from the ... which are lined by ...
- What is Respiratory Epithelium?
- The walls of the trachea are lined by ... and are surrounded by ...?
- As the trachea splits into the two main bronchi, the cells lining them stay the same but what happens to the cartilage?
- When does the cartilage disappear altogether?
- What is the difference between teh cells that line the larger bronchioles and the cells that line the lower bronchioles?
- What cells line the Terminal bronchioles?
- What is the function of Clara cells?
- Alternate name for Clara cells?
- What cells line the respiratory epithelium? What is so special about this type of cell?
- What cells line the surface of the alveoli?
- What is the function of type II alveolar cells?
- What other cells, nicknamed dust cells, are also present within the alveoli? What is their function?
- At one time, most of the blood in the body resides in what blood vessels?
- Describe the histology of a blood vessel (3 layers and what they're made of).
- Thick blood vessels (e.g. Aorta) with large amounts of muscle need their own blood supply to ensure that the muscle layer is adequately perfused. What do we call the tiny blood vessels that supply the large blood vessels?
- What are capillaries made of?
- What are pericytes?
- Valves in veins are extensions of the ...?
- Describe the characteristic differences between cardiac and skeletal muscle cells
- What are the three layers of the pericardium?
- What are the three layers of the heart and what are they made up of?
- Name and describe he process used to relieve cardiac tamponade
- How does the fibrous skeleton maintain the structure of the heart?
- In terms of valves, what part of the valve is joined to the papillary muscles via what tendon?
- Name the three types of cardiac muscle cells
- What cells line the oral cavity?
- Name the 4 major layers of the GI tract
- Name the 3 constituents of the Mucosa
- Where does the Parotid gland drain saliva?
- Where does the submandibular gland drain saliva?
- Which salivary gland produces the most viscous saliva and mucous?
- The gastro-oesophageal junction sees an abrupt change from ... epithelium to ... epithelium of the stomach
- The stomach contains gastric pits. Name two cell types that reside in gastric pits and describe what they secrete.
- What is abnormal about the muscularis externa layer of the stomach? Why is this a thing?
- What are visible between the villi of the small intestine?
- What is the most abundant cell type of the small intestine? Why?
- What do goblet cells secrete and why?
- What is the function of neuroendocrine cells of the small intestine?
- Name the glands present in the duodenum and their function.
- Ileum is characterised by ...?
- Describe the two types of cells in the colon and state their function(s)
- What is the nervous system that controls the GI tract called?
- What nerve plexus controls GI motility?