Notes

Delivering Lithium Batteries Safely

Lithium-ion batteries have a higher energy density, specifically the battery module, in case of an accident, conventional methods can not effectively control the quick spread of warm or avoid the constant explosion of the battery, which might have significant repercussions. Particularly when it comes to lithium batteries shedding or exploding throughout air transportation, the consequences to guests and also airplane would certainly be really severe or perhaps devastating.


So just how specifically did the lithium battery accident happen, allow's check out the attributes of the lithium battery itself.


<h2> Lithium battery attributes</h2>


<h3>1 High Power</h3>


Lithium battery is a high-energy thing, if it ignites and also blows up, the danger is massive. Take the 300Wh/kg square lithium ion battery as an example, 1kg square lithium battery includes 1.08 &times; 10 6J of power; 1g TNT can launch 4184J of power, the conversion shows that the energy consisted of in 1kg square lithium battery is comparable to around 258g TNT, the power had in a 100kWh pack of square lithium battery regarding This is equivalent to 86 kg of TNT. In the little space of a transportation vehicle, this energy release is sufficient to trigger major damage.


Lithium batteries contain a large number of high energy square lithium batteries tightly piled; when carried, mainly a multitude of lithium batteries are firmly piled in the little area of the transport lorry. From the security monitoring point of sight, it is a normal risky point.


<h3>2 Big quantity</h3>


Reducing the mass of individual bundles, utilizing safe product packaging and decentralized storage are reliable measures to lower transport risks. The mass of the entire package of lithium batteries for basic electric lorries, often with numerous kgs, the power reaches tens to numerous kilowatt-hours. The volume becomes larger and also the mass larger, to ensure that lowering the mass of private plans can not be achieved. We have done the adhering to experiments: place 12pcs 506328 type polymer ternary cathode product lithium ion battery (Note: the anode product is graphite, solitary cell rated capacity 20Ah, billing cut-off voltage is 4. 2V) right into a lithium battery component (regarding 4V, 220Ah), put it into a steel box made from 5. 0mm thick steel plate, and after that pass the home heating pole in a closed condition. The 5.0 mm thick steel plate of the steel box is partly warped after full combustion, which triggers thermal runaway.


If a safety package is to be made use of to quit the heat and also flame spread of a lithium battery fire, it requires to be flame resistant, insulated and surge proof. Currently, there is no packaging that can limit the launch of such a big amount of power, and the cost of special product packaging with particular efficiency is too high to be made use of for huge amounts of power batteries. The boosting mass and also dimension also make the handling as well as location of the battery extra tough, especially in transportation, where decentralized storage ends up being not practical.


<h3>3 Cell Uniformity</h3>


Distinctions in between the private cells in a lithium battery system are referred to as uniformity problems. This difference can cause ineffective usage of energy as well as can easily trigger thermal runaway of the lithium battery.


Presently, there are two ways to solve the uniformity trouble:

1) Research study the lithium battery system and also regulate the high quality of the production process to deal with the differences from the source. Fully grown industrial manufacturing procedure has reduced the failing price of solitary lithium battery to the level of one in 10 million, yet since the lithium battery system includes hundreds of solitary cells, considerably increasing the possibility of accidents;

The battery equalization technology is utilized to compel the distinction between the individual batteries to lessen.


After repeated use the lithium battery, the distinctions may be more amplified, therefore, the battery monitoring system (BMS) is especially essential, as well as the evaluation of the BMS is also crucial.


<h3>4 High Voltage</h3>


The voltage of lithium batteries gets to thousands of volts, much past the safe voltage for people.

The risks of high voltage leak are:

( 1) Causing electrical shock to the dealing with employees;

Damages to the battery defense circuit, resulting in the failure of the safety feature of the battery system;

( 3) might automatically release, igniting other flammable products.


Lithium batteries are usually moved with a charge, and the cost level is directly pertaining to safety and security. There is no security examination for high voltage in the UN38.3 series of examinations, neither exists a danger analysis technique for high voltage in the transport policies and also standards. The transportation dangers linked with high voltage in lithium batteries have actually been overlooked.


<h2>Our current transportation troubles</h2>


<h3>1 Intrinsic Safety And Security Unresolved</h3>


The chemical structure of lithium batteries establishes their flammability. Although lithium battery security standards as well as steps have actually been advancing continuously, the elements that cause thermal runaway of lithium batteries are still challenging to prevent entirely.


There are still some contradictions between the high energy thickness battery system and security, which have actually not yet been fixed. Various modes of transport have different degrees of approval of safety and security. The root causes of thermal runaway of lithium batteries are complicated, and also the existing countermeasures are inadequate. The unpredictable risk poses an excellent safety hazard to air transportation.


<h3>2 Less research on combustion system and also risks</h3>


Today, much less research study on the fire threat of large-size lithium batteries, the lack of awareness of fire efficiency and also risks, associated study is mostly concentrated in the small, and even a few lithium battery fire researches, not representative.


Lithium-ion battery combustion will generate toxic gases as well as dirt, yet study is mostly concentrated in the evaluation of the gas components after straight burning, less study on the elements of the harmful gases produced by combustion, the threats of poisonous gases as well as dirt, hazardous gas diffusion mechanism, couple of research studies reported.


Take 2 completely charged G00236-20Ah kind 20Ah polymer ternary cathode product lithium ion cell (cathode material is graphite, charging cut-off voltage is 4.2 V), one bare, one in the homemade flame resistant bundle, invigorate the home heating pole, home heating at the rate of 5 ℃/ minutes, causing thermal runaway.


The experimental outcomes show that the combustion habits of the subjected lithium battery is really different from that of the lithium battery in the flame-retardant package, the exposed lithium battery triggered thermal runaway, full burning, high fire, much less smoke; the exact same requirements of lithium battery in the flame-retardant package, also thermal runaway, yet no fire getaway, generating a great deal of white annoying gas.


<h3>3 Transport test system is not excellent</h3>


UN38.3 collection screening is the basic requirement for lithium battery transport safety and security. The standard is based upon the small consumer batteries, but does not offer certain demands for high power, large mass as well as numerous specifications of lithium batteries. Although progressively revised, however still hangs back the growth of lithium batteries.


Presently, several of the equipment in the lithium-ion battery ranked energy. Usually, the power of a tiny as well as medium-sized lithium battery component can surpass 6200Wh, evaluated by 6200Wh, a number of these battery modules do not need to be evaluated. In the process of welding and also constructing, there will certainly be false soldering, missed soldering as well as repeated soldering in the lugs of the individual battery, and the potential security risks in the battery module might be caused by exterior forces during transportation, which may ultimately result in short circuit. For lithium batteries with rated energy more than 6200Wh, the policies need the examination of BMS, yet the evaluation approaches as well as standards are doing not have.


For the examination of BMS, in addition to the specific analysis of security under the transport atmosphere, it is also required to evaluate the whole battery system under the transportation atmosphere to reflect the control capability of BMS, or else there is no functional definition. The expertise as well as past experience of the evaluator might additionally have a straight effect on the outcomes. The conduction impact of this policy directly brings about the lack of consideration of transport safety and security in the design of lithium batteries, which is a missing out on link at the resource.


<h3>4 Lack of transport safety evaluation capacity</h3>


There are reasonably few third-party screening organizations for lithium batteries. A lot of the third-party labs for lithium battery transportation testing do not have screening capacity for lithium batteries. According to the laws, the a little greater energy lithium batteries can look for not to carry out UN38.3 series of examinations, also resulted in the laboratories have actually not developed screening capabilities. Transport safety and security evaluation of lithium batteries should be based on the basis of legitimate examination information.


The current circumstance is that it is tough to locate an ideal research laboratory to carry out the tests and acquire the matching data. Without legitimate information, the appropriate examination techniques and standards can not be established, not to mention the facility of examination standards. Furthermore, with the growth of associated markets, a multitude of tested, harmed, defective, recalled as well as recycled lithium batteries need to be delivered. These lithium batteries are additionally unsuitable for UN38.3 series screening before delivery, so sensible safety assessment is required. This vacuum cleaner has actually emerged as well as should have focus.


5 Inadequate risk avoidance as well as control procedures Appropriate packaging can properly manage the threat of harmful goods in the plan as well as accomplish risk-free transport. As a result of the high particular energy and also big size of lithium batteries, there is no suitable packaging material or product packaging type to regulate the risk in the package, i.e., lithium batteries in the package, the complete burning as well as does not infected other things. Worldwide, the style and small-scale use the fire hood or fireproof bundle inside the area, similar items in China are still in the experimental stage. These packaging approaches do not address the trouble of lithium battery burning generates huge quantities of poisonous gases as well as dirt. The needs in the product packaging guidelines are all concept demands, a short-lived safety and security measures. These demands are general technical indications, lack of examination confirmation, lack of certification by reliable firms.


3.6 Absence of reliable fire battling methods

The effectiveness of the lithium battery inner flame retardant materials and also outside product packaging materials need to be more verified. Research study shows that after 5min of thermal runaway of the lithium battery on the bus, the fire will spread to the inside of the bus; and the time for all personnel to get away is concerning 1min. It is therefore recommended that 5min be utilized as the refractory time of the lithium battery on the bus. If under roadway transportation conditions, 5min suffices for road transportation emergency situation emptying, yet is far from adequate for aquatic, rail and also air transportation. The approach of extinguishing lithium batteries has actually not yet been identified. Neither big amounts of water nor gaseous extinguishing representatives are conveniently available in a short period of time during transportation. The heat, smoke, as well as harmful gases created by lithium battery combustion can rapidly create loss of life and damage to equipment.


<h2>Verdict</h2>


China's lithium battery market is flourishing, the mass transport of lithium batteries is likewise vital. Because of the high specific energy, dense buildup, big quantity, high top quality, high uniformity as well as high voltage attributes of lithium batteries, the transport safety and security of lithium batteries is also various from consumer lithium ion batteries.


At existing, the intrinsic security of lithium battery transportation has actually not yet been settled, the combustion mechanism and also risks are not well comprehended, the transport examination system is not total, the transport safety and security evaluation capability is doing not have, the threat avoidance and also control measures are not enough, as well as the absence of efficient fire battling approaches and various other problems. To fix these troubles, we require the collaboration in between the governmental divisions and ventures, the close teamwork between the production industry and the transport sector, and the development of multi-faceted research.


A practical option to the security of lithium batteries to meet the transportation needs, the complying with components should be considered:


Safety is relative. All gadgets have dangers, and also can trigger troubles in special environments.


The security concerns of lithium battery transportation must be addressed in transportation method by continually subjecting issues and seeking proper options.


Safety is a threat monitoring issue. Various modes of transport have various acceptable restrictions.


There are many steps to alleviate the danger, and relevant actions are available, such as decreased charge, special product packaging, efficient seclusion, as well as quantity restrictions. Safety is closely pertaining to the performance or performance of lithium batteries. The lithium battery industry has established quickly in the last few years, including new systems, greater specific power as well as brand-new frameworks. For developers, greater particular power can not be pursued unilaterally. Individuals are frequently trying to find smaller, greater energy lithium batteries, will likewise result in an enhanced probability of power runaway risk, leading to a lot more major risks. Security throughout the entire life cycle of lithium batteries.


The security of lithium batteries are associated with the style, manufacturing, storage space, transportation, sales, usage and also recycling of links, and influence each various other. Transportation safety and security should also be taken into consideration at the center of item style.


All parties involved are in charge of safety. The danger of lithium batteries must be purely controlled and the needed preventative measures should be required to make certain the safety and security of the entire procedure from manufacturing, sale, transportation, usage and recycling, which ought to be shared by all events included.

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