Notes

Benefits of genetically modified crops over the weeds

In ラウンドアップ , plants can be treated with herbicides.

ラウンドアップ for genetic modification of crops to make them resistant to herbicides is found to confer advantages to the weedy varieties of rice even when the herbicide isn't present. The results indicate that such modification could be beneficial to wild rice varieties as well as crop varieties.

ラウンドアップ 除草剤 使い方 of crops are genetically modified so that they can resist glyphosate. This herbicide was first sold under the tradename Roundup. Farmers are able to eliminate weeds from their fields with this glyphosate-resistant crop without damaging their crops.

ラウンドアップ slows the growth of plants by blocking an enzyme referred to as EPSP synthase. It is responsible for the production of specific amino acids as well as other molecules that make up about 35% of the plant's mass. Genetic modification is used in, for instance, Roundup Ready plants made by Monsanto, a biotechnology company located in St Louis, Missouri. It involves inserting genes into the genome of a plant to boost EPSP synthase-synthase production. Genes are typically obtained from bacteria that infects the crops.

The plant can resist the adverse effects of glyphosate due to its extra EPSP-synthase. Biotechnology labs have also attempted to make EPSP-synthase more plant-based than bacteria by utilizing genes from plants. This was partly made to make use of a loophole found in US law, which permits the approval of regulatory authorities for organisms that aren't derived from bacterial parasites.

There aren't many studies that have examined whether transgenes such as those that confer resistance to glyphosate could -- after they become wild or weedy relatives by cross-pollination -- make those plants more competitive in survival and reproduction. Norman Ellstrand, a University of California plant geneticist says that in the absence of competition, any kind of transgene is likely to cause disadvantages in wild plants. The added machinery will decrease fitness.

Lu Baorong (an ecologist at Fudan University, Shanghai) has now challenged that view. It has proven that resistance to glyphosate can provide an impressive fitness boost to the weedy rice crop, called Oryza Sativa even when it is not in use.

Lu and coworkers modified the cultivars of rice to improve the production of EPSP synthase. The modified rice was crossed with a wild relative.

The researchers then allowed breeding offspring that were cross-bred with one another to create second-generation hybrids. They were genetically identical, with the exception of the copy count and number of EPSP synthase gene. As was expected, those with more copies had greater levels of enzymes and produced an increased amount of amino acid tryptophan compared to their unmodified counterparts.

Researchers also discovered that plants with transgenic genes had higher rates for photosynthesis as well as produced more flowers and produced 48-125percent less seeds per plant than non-transgenic hybrids. This was in spite of the fact that glyphosate was never present.

Making ラウンドアップ could cause more problems for farmers all over the world whose plots are invaded by pests, Lu says.

"If the EPSP-synthase gene is introduced into the wild rice plant, their genetic diversity, which is really essential to protect may be at risk as the transgene's genetic make-up will outcompete the natural species" says Brian Ford-Lloyd, a plant geneticist at the University of Birmingham, UK. "This is an example of the very real negative impacts of GM plantson our surroundings."

This research also challenges the idea that crops with genetically modified genes containing extra copies of their genes are safer than those that contain microorganisms' genes. Lu says, "Our study shows this is not the case."

Some researchers believe this finding requires a review of the future regulation of genetically modified crops. Ellstrand says that some people believe that biosafety regulations could be relaxed since we have two years of genetic engineering. The study doesn't prove that the new products are secure.


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