Notes

Benefits of genetically modified plants over weeds

The wild plants could have the advantage of resistance to herbicides.

Weedy rice is able to take on transgenes from genetically modified rice through cross-pollination. Credit: Xiao Yang
The most common method for genetic modification of crops that make them herbicide-resistant has been found to give advantages to the weedy varieties of rice even when the herbicide isn't in use. This finding suggests that the modifications could affect the environment beyond farm.

A variety of crop varieties have been genetically modified so that they are immune to Roundup herbicide glyphosate. Farmers can get rid of weeds in their fields using glyphosate without harming their crops due to this resistance.

Glyphosate can inhibit plant growth by blocking EPSP synase which is an enzyme involved in the creation of amino acids as well as other chemicals which comprise around 35% of the plant's mass. https://www.shopping-charm.jp/product/2c2c2c2c-2c2c-2c2c-2c2c-313038373831 of genetic modification utilized, for instance, in Roundup Ready crops made by the biotechnology giant Monsanto which is headquartered in St Louis, Missouri -- typically includes inserting genes into a crop's genome to increase the production of EPSP synthase. Genes typically come from bacteria that infect plants.

The plant can withstand the effects glyphosate thanks to the additional EPSP synthase. Biotechnology labs have tried using genes from plants to boost EPSP synthase activity. This was partially to take advantage of a loophole in US law that allows regulatory approval of transgenes contained in organisms which have not come from pests of bacteria.

Few studies have looked into whether transgeneslike ones that confer resistance to glyphosate, can help plants to be more resilient in survival and reproduction once they cross-pollinate with wild or weedy species. "The common belief is that any sort of transgene will confer disadvantage in the wild in absence of any selection pressure because the extra machinery would reduce the fitness," says Norman Ellstrand, a plant geneticist at the University of California in Riverside.

ラウンドアップ is an Ecologist at Fudan University Shanghai. His study shows that resistance to glyphosate offers a significant health benefit even when it's not used.

In the study published this month in New Phytologist 1, Lu and his colleagues modified the genetics of the rice plant to enhance its own EPSP synthase and cross-bred the altered rice with a weedy cousin.

The group then permitted the offspring from cross-breeding to cross-breed to create second-generation hybrids. They were identical genetically except for the amount of EPSP synthase genes they had. The team found that those that had greater than one copy of the gene encoding EPSP synthase expressed more enzymes and produced more tryptophan in line with what was expected.

Researchers also discovered that transgenic hybrids were photogenic, they produced more plants per plant, and produced 48 to 125 percent more seeds than varieties that were not transgenic.

Making weedy rice more competitive may cause more problems for farmers around the world whose plots are invaded by the pest, Lu says.

ラウンドアップ , a UK plant scientist, has said that the EPSP Synthase gene may be introduced in wild rice varieties. This would threaten their genetic diversity, which is important. ラウンドアップ is one of the clearest examples of extremely plausible negative effects [of GM crop on the environment."

This study also challenges the notion that genetically modified plants with more copies of their genes are less risky than those that contain microorganisms' genes. Lu states, "Our study shows this is not necessarily true."

According to some research this research suggests that any future regulation for genetically engineered crops should be reviewed. ラウンドアップ believes that some believe biosafety regulations can be relaxed because we've had two years of genetic engineering. "But ラウンドアップ al3 has shown that the new technologies still need to be evaluated with care."


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