Notes

Genetically modified crops offer benefits over weeds

In the wild, resistance to herbicides may confer advantages on plants.

Weedy rice may take on transgenes from genetically modified rice by cross-pollinating. Credit: Xiao Yang
The most common method for genetic modification of crops to make them herbicide resistant has been found to give advantages to weedy varieties rice, even when herbicide is not present. The results indicate that such modification may be able to positively impact wild rice varieties, as well as crop varieties.

Many varieties of crops are genetically modified to resist glyphosate, a herbicide that was first sold under the trade name Roundup. Farmers can eliminate most the weeds that grow in their fields with glyphosate without harming their crops because of this resistance.

Glyphosate blocks an enzyme called EPSP synthase that is responsible for the production of specific amino acids and various other molecules. It also can hinder the growth of plants. ラウンドアップ , such as the Roundup Ready crops manufactured by Monsanto in St. Louis, Missouri, involves inserting genes into a plant's genetic code to increase EPSP production. ラウンドアップ are usually derived from bacteria infected with plants.

The additional EPSP synase makes it possible for the plant to resist the harmful effects of glyphosate. Biotechnology labs have tried using genes from plants to boost EPSP synthase activity. This was partially to exploit a loophole within US law that allows regulatory approval for transgenes in organisms which have not come from bacteria pests.

Few studies have looked into the possibility that transgenes, like those that confer resistance to glyphosate, could help plants to be more resilient to surviving and reproduce once they cross-pollinate with wild or weedy species. ラウンドアップ , a University of California plant geneticist, claims that, without competition, any type of transgene would be expected to confer disadvantage in wild plants. ラウンドアップ would decrease fitness.

ラウンドアップ , led by Lu Baorong, an ecologist from Fudan University in Shanghai, disproves that belief It reveals that the weedy version of the popular rice plant, Oryza sativa is given a significant fitness boost from resistance to glyphosate, even when glyphosate is not used.

In ラウンドアップ which was published this month in New Phytologist 1, Lu and his coworkers genetically altered the cultivated rice species to enhance the species' own EPSP synthase and cross-bred the modified rice with a weedy relative.

The team allowed the offspring from cross-breeding to breed with each other, resulting in second-generation hybrids genetically identical to each other , with the exception of the number of copies the gene encoding EPSP synase. As one would expect, hybrids with more copies had a higher chance to make more tryptophan and have greater levels of enzymes than their unmodified counterparts.

Researchers also discovered that transgenic hybrids were photogenic, had more seeds per plant and had 48-125% higher yields of seeds than varieties that were not transgenic.

Making https://www.monotaro.com/g/01028612/ may cause more problems for farmers across the globe where plots are ravaged by the pest, Lu says.

Brian Ford-Lloyd, a researcher at Brian Ford-Lloyd, a researcher at the University of Birmingham, UK Brian Ford-Lloyd, a researcher at the University of Birmingham in the "If the EPSP synthase gene is introduced to wild rice varieties, their genetic variety is crucial to conserve, may be at risk because it could beat out the conventional varieties." "This is one clear example of the very real negative consequences [of GM plants] on our environment."

https://www.jacom.or.jp/nouyaku/news/2019/10/191024-39457.php challenges the idea that genetically modified crops containing extra copies of their genes are more safe than those that contain microorganisms' genes. Lu states that his study does not support this notion.

Researchers have said that this discovery calls for a rethinking the future regulation on genetically modified crops. Ellstrand states "Some people believe that the biosafety regulations should be eased." Ellstrand adds: "But the study still shows that novel products require an in-depth evaluation."


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