Notes

Genetically modified crops have advantages over the weeds

Herbicide resistance may confer an advantage on plants in the wild.

Credit: Xiao Yang
The most common method for the genetic modification of plants that make them herbicide-resistant is found to confer advantages to weedy varieties of rice even when the herbicide isn't in use. This indicates that the modifications could have an impact on the natural environment beyond farms.

Several types of crops have been modified genetically to be resistant to glyphosate, an herbicide first marketed under the trade name Roundup. Farmers can eradicate most the weeds that grow in their fields by using this glyphosate-resistant crop without damaging their crops.

ラウンドアップ inhibits an enzyme known as EPSP synthase which is responsible for the creation of specific amino acids as well as other molecules. It also can hinder the growth of plants. Genetic modification is used, for example, in Roundup Ready plants made by Monsanto, a biotechnology company based out of St Louis, Missouri. It involves inserting genes into the genome of a crop to boost EPSP synthase synthase synthase production. Genes are usually derived from bacteria that are infected with plants.

https://www.komeri.com/disp/CKmSfGoodsPageMain_001.jsp?GOODS_NO=1713321 is able to resist the effects of glyphosate because of the additional EPSP synthase. Biotechnology labs tried to use plants' genes to increase EPSP synthase production. This was done in part to make use of a loophole that is in US law that permits regulatory approval of organisms containing transgenes that have not been derived from pests of bacteria.

A few studies have explored whether transgenes, such as ones that confer resistance to glyphosate, could make plants more resilient to surviving and reproduce once they cross-pollinate with wild or weedy species. Norman Ellstrand of the University of California, Riverside, stated that the conventional expectation was that any transgene will cause disadvantage in nature when there was no selection pressure. This is due to the fact that any additional machines would reduce the fitness.

ラウンドアップ (an ecologist at Fudan University, Shanghai) has now challenged that view. It has shown that glyphosate resistance can give significant benefits to fitness for the weedy rice crop called Oryza Sativa even when it is not used.

ラウンドアップ and colleagues modified cultivars of rice to increase the production of EPSP synthase. https://www.ponparemall.com/word/除草剤　ラウンドアップ　業務用/ modified rice was then crossed with a wild relative.

The group then let offspring cross-bred to breed with one another, resulting in second generation hybrids which are genetically similar to their parents, except for the number of copies of the gene that encodes EPSP synthase. As one would expect, the more copies produced higher levels of enzyme as well as more tryptophan than the unmodified counterparts.

Researchers also discovered that transgenic hybrids were photogenic, produced more plants per plant and yielded 48-125 percent more seeds than non-transgenic varieties.

Lu suggests that making rice that is weedy more competitive may increase the risk for the farmers around the world who's fields are being ravaged by the pest.

Brian Ford-Lloyd (a UK plant geneticist) claims that if the EPSP-synthase genes are introduced into wild rice, then their genetic diversity which is so important to conserve could be at risk. The transgene would be more competitive than regular species. "This is among the most clear examples of highly plausible negative consequences of GM crops] on the environment."

There is a popular belief that genetically engineered crops with extra copies or microorganisms genes are safer than ones that only contain the genes of their owners. Lu claims that the research "shows that this is not always the case".

ラウンドアップ have said that this finding calls for reconsideration of the regulation for the use of genetically modified plants. Ellstrand saysthat "Some people believe that the biosafety regulations should be eased." Ellstrand addsthat The study revealed that the newest products should be evaluated carefully.


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