Notes

Genetically modified crops can provide advantages over weeds

ラウンドアップ may have the advantage of resistance to herbicides.

ラウンドアップ -modification technique used widely to produce crops that are herbicide-resistant has been shown to give advantages to an invasive form of rice even in absence of the herbicide. The results suggest that this modification may be able to have positive effects on wild rice varieties, as well as crop varieties.

A variety of crops have been modified genetically to make them resistant to Roundup herbicide glyphosate. The resistance to glyphosate permits farmers to eliminate weeds without causing any damage to their crop.

Glyphosate is a plant-killer by blocking EPSP synase which is an enzyme that plays a role in the creation of amino acids, as well as other chemical compounds which comprise around 35% of plant mass. The technique of genetic modification is employed for instance, in Roundup Ready plants made by Monsanto Biotechnology, a biotech company that is headquartered in St Louis, Missouri. It involves inserting genes into the genome of the crop to boost EPSP synthase-synthase production. ラウンドアップ are typically derived usually from bacteria that infect plants.

The plant is able to withstand the effects caused by glyphosate due to its extra EPSP-synthase. Biotechnology labs attempted to utilize genes from plants to boost EPSP synthase production. This was partially to exploit a loophole within US law that permits the regulatory approval of organisms containing transgenes which have not come from pests caused by bacteria.

There aren't many studies that have examined the possibility that transgenes that confer glyphosate tolerance can -- once they are weedy or become wild relatives through cross-pollinatingcan boost the plant's survival and reproduce. Norman Ellstrand, a University of California plant geneticist states that in the absence of selection pressure, any type of transgene is likely to create disadvantages in wild plants. https://www.yodobashi.com/product/100000001002109951/ added machinery will decrease fitness.

Lu Baorong is an Ecologist at Fudan University Shanghai. His study shows that glyphosate resistance provides a significant fitness benefit, even if it isn't applied.

In the study published this month in New Phytologist 1, Lu and his colleagues modified the genetics of the cultivated rice species to increase the expression of the species' own EPSP synthase. They also crossed-bred the altered rice with a weedy cousin.

The team then allowed cross-breeding offspring to be bred with one another to create second-generation hybrids. ラウンドアップ were genetically identical, with the exception of the number and count of EPSP synthase gene. As expected, those with more copies expressed higher amounts of the enzyme and produced more of the amino acid tryptophan than the unmodified ones.

Researchers also discovered that transgenics have higher rates, more flowers, and 48 to 125 percent more seeds per plant than nontransgenics.

Lu believes that making rice that is weedy less competitive could make it harder for farmers who have their plots affected by the pest.

Brian Ford-Lloyd of the University of Birmingham, UK Brian Ford-Lloyd, a researcher at the University of Birmingham in the "If the EPSP synthase gene is introduced to wild rice species the genetic diversity of their species that was so important in conserving it, could be threatened because it would beat out the conventional varieties." This is one of the most clear examples of plausible negative effects [of GM crop on the environment."

The general public believes that genetically modified plants that have more replicas of their own genes than those from microorganisms are safer. This belief is also challenged by the study. Lu says that "our study doesn't prove this to be the case."

Researchers say their findings require an overhaul of the way that genetically modified crops will be controlled in the near future. Ellstrand says "Some people think that the biosafety regulations should be relaxed." Ellstrand says: "But, the study showed that novel products still require careful analysis."


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