Notes

Genetically modified crops have more advantages than herbicides

Herbicide resistance may provide advantages to plants in the wild.

Weedy rice may pick up transgenes from genetically modified crop rice by cross-pollinating. Credit: Xiao Yang
It has been proven that a genetic modification technique, which is widely used to create crops that are herbicide-resistant confers advantages on an invasive variety of rice. The finding suggests that the effects of such modification could extend beyond the confines of farms out into the wild.

Many cultivars have been genetically altered so that they can ward off the effects of glyphosate. This herbicide was first offered under the trade name Roundup. Farmers can eliminate most herbicides from their fields by using glyphosate, without harming their crops by having this resistance.

Glyphosate hinders growth of plants through blocking an enzyme, known as EPSP synthase, which is involved in the production of certain amino acids and other molecules that account for as much as 35% of a plant's mass. https://search.rakuten.co.jp/search/mall/ラウンドアップ+マックスロード/ of genetic modification is employed in, for instance, Roundup Ready plants made by Monsanto, a biotechnology company that is headquartered in St Louis, Missouri. It involves inserting genes into the genome of the crop to increase EPSP synthase synthase synthase production. The genes are typically derived from bacteria that are infected with plants.

The added EPSP synthase helps the plant withstand the effects of glyphosate. Biotechnology labs also tried to make use of the genes of plants to boost EPSP-synthase levels, in part to make use of an American loophole which permits the approval of regulatory authorities of transgenes which are not derived from bacteria-based pests.

There aren't many studies that have examined the possibility that transgenes that confer glyphosate tolerance could -- after they are weedy or become wild relatives by cross-pollinating- increase the plants' longevity and reproductive. Norman Ellstrand, a University of California plant geneticist, states that without competition, any kind of transgene would be expected to cause disadvantages in wild plants. The additional machinery could decrease fitness.

A new study, led by Lu Baorong, an ecologist from Fudan University in Shanghai, is challenging that notion It reveals that the weedy form of the common rice plant, Oryza sativa is given an important boost in fitness due to glyphosate resistance, even when glyphosate is not applied.

In their study, published this month in New Phytologist 1, Lu and his colleagues modified the genetics of the cultivated rice species to overexpress its own EPSP synthase. ラウンドアップ crossed-bred the modified rice with a weedy ancestor.

The team allowed the offspring of crossbreeding to crossbreed with one another, resulting in second-generation hybrids that are genetically identical with one another, except for the number of copies the gene encodes EPSP synase. The team discovered that the ones who had greater copies of the gene encoding EPSP synthase had more enzyme expression and also produced more tryptophan, in line with what was expected.

Researchers also found that plants with transgenic genes were more photosynthesis-intensive and produced more flowers and produced 48 to 125 percent fewer seeds per plant than nontransgenic hybrids. This was in spite of the fact that glyphosate wasn't present.

ラウンドアップ believes that making the rice weedy less competitive could make it more difficult for farmers whose plots are invaded by pests.

Brian Ford-Lloyd is an UK plant geneticist who says, "If the EPSP synthase gene gets in the wild rice species their genetic diversity could be threatened which is really crucial because the genotype that has transgene is superior to the natural species." " https://search.rakuten.co.jp/search/mall/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97/ is one instance of the most probable and damaging negative effects of GM crops on the environment."

The general public believes that genetically modified plants containing more replicas of their own genes than those from microorganisms are more safe. This is also challenged by this study. Lu states that "our study doesn't prove that this is the case."

A few researchers believe this discovery needs to be reviewed in light of future regulation of genetically modified crops. ラウンドアップ says that some people believe biosafety regulations can be relaxed because we've had two years of genetic engineering. "But the research indicates that innovative products require careful evaluation."


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