Notes

The advantages of genetically modified crops over the weeds

Wild plants could be given herbicide resistance.

ラウンドアップ for genetic modification of crops to make them herbicide resistant is found to confer advantages to weedy varieties rice even when the herbicide isn't present. ラウンドアップ suggest that such modifications could have a wide range of effects beyond the farms, and possibly out into the wild.

A variety of crops have been genetically altered so that they can ward off the glyphosate. This herbicide was first available under the trade name Roundup. This allows farmers to eradicate weeds from their fields without causing harm to their crops.

https://search.rakuten.co.jp/search/mall/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%97+%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89/ called EPSP synthase that is responsible for the production of certain amino acid and various other molecules. It can also hinder plant growth. Genetic modification is used in, for instance, Roundup Ready plants made by Monsanto Biotechnology Inc., a biotech firm that is headquartered in St Louis, Missouri. ラウンドアップ al3 involves inserting genes into the genome of the crop to increase EPSP synthase-synthase production. The genes are usually derived from bacteria that infect the plants.

The plant can withstand the effects caused by glyphosate due to its additional EPSP-synthase. Biotechnology labs have also attempted to make use of the genes of plants to increase EPSP-synthase, partly to take advantage of a loophole in the American system that allows for regulatory approval of transgenes that are not derived from by bacterial pests.

There aren't many studies that have looked into whether transgenes that confer glyphosate resistant can help plants compete in reproductive success and longevity once they're introduced to wild or weedy cousins by cross-pollination. Norman Ellstrand of the University of California, Riverside, said that the traditional expectation was that any transgene could cause disadvantage in nature when there was no selection pressure. This is because any extra machinery could reduce the fitness.

But now a study led by Lu Baorong, an ecologist from Fudan University in Shanghai, is challenging that notion It reveals that the weedy variant of the standard rice plant, Oryza sativa has an important boost in fitness due to the resistance to glyphosate even when glyphosate isn't applied.

Lu and his associates modified cultivated rice varieties to produce more EPSP synthase. They also crossed the modified rice with a weedy related. Their work was published in NewPhytologist 1..

The team then allowed offspring to crossbreed with one another, resulting in second generation hybrids that were genetically identical to their parents with the exception for the number of duplicates of the gene that codes for EPSP synthase. As expected, the ones who had more copies had higher enzyme levels and produced an increased amount of amino acid tryptophan when compared to their counterparts that were not modified.

Researchers also found that transgenic hybrids produced 48-125percent more seeds per plant. https://mujin-heri.jp/yakuzai/js-55.html had higher photosynthesis rates and produced more shoots than the non-transgenic varieties.

Lu believes that making the rice weedy less competitive might make it more difficult for farmers who have their land affected by the pest.

"If the EPSP-synthase genes are introduced in the wild rice plant, their genetic diversity, which is essential to protect is at risk because the transgene's genetic make-up will outcompete the normal species," Brian Ford-Lloyd, a plant geneticist at the University of Birmingham, UK. "This is among the most evident examples of highly plausible harmful impacts [of GM crops] upon the natural environment."

ラウンドアップ of the public that genetically modified crops with additional copies their genes are safe is questioned by this study. Lu declares, "Our study shows this is not the case."

ラウンドアップ have concluded that these findings should prompt a reconsideration of how genetically modified crops will be controlled in the future. Ellstrand believes that biosafety regulations could be relaxed as we are able to enjoy a high level satisfaction from the two decades of genetic engineering. "But the study proved that new products require careful analysis."


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