Notes

Genetically modified crops are more advantageous than weeds

Herbicide resistance could provide advantages to plants in the wild.

Credit Xiao Yang
A common technique for the genetic modification of plants to make them resistant to herbicides has been found to give advantages to the weedy varieties of rice, even when herbicide is not present. This indicates that these modifications may be detrimental to the environment beyond farm.

A variety of crops are genetically modified to be intolerant to the herbicide glyphosate. It was initially marketed under the trade name Roundup. This resistance to glyphosate permits farmers to eradicate most plants without doing any harm to their crops.

Glyphosate is a deterrent to the growth of plants. It inhibits an enzyme called EPSP synthase. This enzyme is responsible in the creation of specific amino acids and other molecules. These compounds can be responsible for as much as 35% of the plant's mass. ラウンドアップ , like the Roundup Ready crops manufactured by Monsanto in St. ラウンドアップ 意味 , Missouri, involves inserting genes to a crop's genetic code to boost EPSP production. The genes typically come from bacteria that cause disease in plants.

The addition of EPSP synase allows for plants to counter the effects of glyphosate. Biotechnology labs have also tried to make use of genes from plants rather than bacteria to increase EPSP-synthase levels and, in turn, to take advantage of the loophole in US law that permits approval by regulators of organisms that have transgenes not made from bacterial pests.

Few studies have investigated the possibility that transgenes like glyphosate-resistant genes can -- once introduced to wild or weedy plants by cross-pollination -- make these plants more competitive in survival, reproduction and growth. Norman Ellstrand, a University of California plant geneticist says that in the absence of competition, any type of transgene would be expected to confer disadvantage in wild plants. The extra machinery would decrease fitness.

ラウンドアップ (an ecologist at Fudan University, Shanghai) has since challenged this view. It has shown that resistance to glyphosate provides an impressive fitness boost to the weedy rice crop, called Oryza sativa even when it is not being used.

Lu and his associates modified cultivated rice varieties to produce more EPSP synthase. They also crossed the modified rice with a weedy related. Their work was published in NewPhytologist 1.

The group then permitted the offspring of cross-breeding to be bred with each other to produce second-generation hybrids. https://www.shopping-charm.jp/product/2c2c2c2c-2c2c-2c2c-2c2c-313038373831 were genetically identical, with the exception of the number and count of the EPSP synthase gene. As expected, https://www.monotaro.com/g/01028612/ with more copies of the gene had higher enzyme levels and produced more amino acid tryptophan compared to their counterparts that were not modified.

Researchers also discovered that transgenic plants showed higher rates of photosynthesis, produced more flowers, and produced 48-125% fewer seeds per plant than non-transgenic hybrids. This was in spite of the fact that glyphosate was never present.

Lu suggests that making the weedy rice more competitive could cause more problems for farmers across the world who's fields are infested with the pest.

Brian Ford-Lloyd of the University of Birmingham, UK, says "If the EPSP synthase gene is introduced to wild rice species, their genetic variety that was so important to conserve, may be at risk because it could surpass the regular varieties." " ラウンドアップ is an instance of the most plausible and damaging negative effects of GM crops on the environment."

The general public believes that genetically engineered plants with more copies or microorganisms' genes are less risky than those that only contain the genes of their owners. Lu claims that the research "shows that this is not always the case".

Researchers have said that this discovery requires rethinking the future regulation on genetically modified crops. Ellstrand believes that some believe that biosafety regulations could be relaxed because we've had more than two decades of genetic engineering. This study isn't proof that novel products are safe.


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