Notes

Genetically modified crops pass advantages to weeds

ラウンドアップ in the wild could be treated with herbicides.

Credit Xiao Yang
It has been established that a genetic-modification technique, which is widely used to make crops resistant to herbicides, gives advantages to an invasive variety of rice. This indicates that these modifications may be detrimental to the natural environment beyond farms.

Many plants have been genetically engineered to be resistant to glyphosate. https://www.komeri.com/disp/CKmSfGoodsPageMain_001.jsp?GOODS_NO=1013169 , initially called Roundup and then introduced to the market in 1996 under the tradename Roundup. https://www.rakuten.ne.jp/gold/kaientai/category/sunfulon/ to glyphosate enables farmers to eradicate most weeds without causing any damage to their crop.

Glyphosate can inhibit plant growth by inhibiting EPSP synase which is an enzyme that plays a role in the production amino acids as well as other chemicals that comprise about 35% of the plant's mass. Genetic modification, such as the Roundup Ready crops manufactured by Monsanto in St. Louis, Missouri, involves inserting genes into a plant's genetic code in order to increase EPSP production. The genes typically come from bacteria that has affected the plant.

This additional EPSP synthase permits the plant to withstand the effects of glyphosate. Biotechnology labs also tried to utilize the genes of plants to increase the EPSP synthase enzyme, in part to take advantage of a loophole in the American system that permits regulatory approval of transgenes that are not derived from by bacterial pests.

There aren't many studies that have looked into whether transgenes which confer glyphosate resistance can make plants more competitive in reproductive success and longevity once they are introduced to wild or weedy cousins by cross-pollination. Norman Ellstrand is a University of California Riverside plant geneticist. " ラウンドアップ is that any transgene can cause disadvantage in the wild, in the absence of select pressure, because it would reduce the fitness of the plant," Ellstrand said.

Lu Baorong is an ecologist at Fudan University Shanghai. His research shows that resistance to glyphosate provides a significant fitness benefit, even though it's not used.

In their study, published this month in New Phytologist 1, Lu and his colleagues modified the genetics of the rice plant to enhance its own EPSP synthase. They also crossed-bred the modified rice with a weedy relative.

The researchers then allowed the cross-bred offspring to breed with one another, creating second-generation hybrids that were genetically identical to one another except in the number of copies of gene encoding EPSP synthase. As one would expect, hybrids with more copies were more likely to make more tryptophan as well as have greater levels of enzymes than the unmodified hybrids.

Researchers also discovered that transgenic hybrids produced between 48 to 125 percent more seeds per plant. They also had higher photosynthesis rates and produced more shoots than non-transgenic ones.

Lu claims that making weedy crops more competitive may increase the difficulties it causes for farmers across the world whose crops are infected by the pest.

Brian Ford-Lloyd of Brian Ford-Lloyd from the University of Birmingham, UK Brian Ford-Lloyd, a researcher at the University of Birmingham in the "If the EPSP synthase gene is introduced to wild rice species their genetic diversity is crucial to conserve, may be threatened because it would outcompete the normal varieties." "This is an example of the very real negative consequences [of GM plantson the environment."

The study also challenges the public notion that genetically modified plants that carry extra copies of their own genes are more secure than the ones that have genes from microorganisms. Lu says that "our study is not proving this to be the case."

Researchers believe that the findings call for a reconsideration of the way that genetically modified crops are regulated in the future. Ellstrand saysthat "Some people think that biosafety regulation should be looser." https://search.kakaku.com/%8F%9C%91%90%8D%DC%20%83%89%83E%83%93%83h%83A%83b%83v%83%7D%83b%83N%83X%83%8D%81%5B%83h/ says: The study showed that new products must be evaluated carefully.


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