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-Similarly to elephants, giant ground sloths spread seeds and fertilized soil with their dung.
-105,500 - 11,700 years ago
-All species interact with each other in their ecosystems.
The Not So Distant Past
-Plants from 16-14 million years ago include familiar trees like elms, ashes, sycamores, and maples
Costs and Benefits of Living large
-Large animals need lots of food and lots of space for food. they also reproduce slower, with fewer offspring and longer generations. This makes it susceptible to disease, drought, etc.
-Large animals can fight off predators and beat competitors better. They can withstand temperature fluctuations better, cover longer distances, and eat fibrous plants more efficiently because there is more room for digestion in the gut.
-Lived over 60 million years ago
Life in the Neogene Ocean
-About 34 million years ago, the seas began to become colder.
-Newly formed mountain ranges provided areas where snow and ice could form, reflecting sunlight and heat.
-These new mountain ranges also removed CO2
-South America and Australia separated from Antarctica. Warm air could not reach Antarctica, so more ice sheets grew.
-Dead organisms slowly decay at the bottom of the sea. When wind lows warm surface water from the shore, it is replaced by nutrient-rich water from underneath. Phytoplankton began to grow rapidly where these upwellings brought nutrients. Zooplankton eats the phytoplankton, fishes eat the zooplankton, marine mammals and birds eat the fish.
Bird Origins / Cretaceous Seas 1
-Plankton remains fell to the bottom of the seafloor, creating seafloor sediments like limestone and chalk.
-Plankton was supported by sunlight and CO2 in surface waters and filed predator-filled ecosystems.
-145-66 million years ago.
Cubisayr Diversity Peaks / Cretaceous Seas 2
-Dinosaurs flourished from 230-10 million years ago evolving into many different organisms
-Birds evolved from therapods
-Repitiles and fishes swam in shallow warm waters while birds and fish eating pteresaurs flew overhead
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