Notes

extraction methods

PRE EXTRACTION
fresh vs dried
grounded vs powdered
drying method

EXTRACTION
maceration
infusion
percolation
decoctation

SOLVENT
ethanol
methanol
hexane
aqueous solution

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Distillation is the process in which a liquid is vaporized (turned to steam), recondensed (turned back into a liquid) and collected in a container. Nature uses a form of distillation to turn salt water (seawater) into fresh water (rain). For example the video bellow.

Centrifuge The principle of the centrifuge is to use the strong centrifugal force generated by the high-speed rotation of the centrifuge rotor to accelerate the sedimentation speed of the particles in the liquid, and separate the substances with different sedimentation coefficients and buoyancy densities in the sample.
How to use a Centrifuge
• When using a centrifuge always use the right size (normally 1.5 mil) or else the tubes will break
• Tubes must always be balanced
• Always secure the lid
• Check the settings

Weighing is to determine the mass of the object by the use of a scale. Inside the laboratory, we use TRIPLE BEAM BALANCE to calculate the mass of the object. The triple beam balance is an instrument used to measure mass very precisely. It is called triple beam balance because you need to balance the weights hanging into its three beams. When you successfully balance it, your job is finished and you can calculate the mass of the desired object.

PH measurement pH is a measure of how acidic/basic water is. The range goes from 0 to 13-14, with 7 being neutral. pHs of less than 7 indicate acidity, whereas a pH of greater than 7 indicates a base. The pH of water is a very important measurement concerning water quality.

filtration is the physical separation of a solid from a liquid and is a process encountered in experimental procedures such as gravimetric analysis, recrystallization, and solvent drying. In principle, the mixture of the solid and liquid is passed through a filter paper and the solid is trapped on the filter paper while the liquid passes through is called filtrate.

Mortar and pestle
How to grind properly without leaving a mess in the lab
•Grinding not whacking
•Increasing the surface area while grinding gives colored items a paler shade
•Rub the chunks in a circular matter