Notes
Notes - notes.io |
Introduction
process=program
host=computer
Steps in connecting with server
1.Identify network
2.Identify host.
3.Identify Process.
IP (internet protocol)address 2parts
1.Host id -identifies the host
2.Network id -identifies the network
port id -identify the process.
ISP provides DNS(domain name server)
DNS provides the IP address as we are wasting some time in searching for IP address it is known as DNS overhead.
NID-2^k
HID-2^n-k
IP address-32 bits
4 octets
Before we have 8 bits for nid and 24 bits for hid.(not sufficient).
So we went for classful addressing. As static wasn't working we went for dynamic
Classful addressing
Class A- 0
Class B-10
Class c-110
Class d-1110 used in multicasting
Class e-1111 used in military organizations
Bits for NID and HID
Class A-8 and 24
Class B-16 and 16
Class C-24 and 8
Ranges of classful addressing
Class A-1-126
Class B-128-191
Class C-192-223
Class D-224-239
Class E-240-255
No of IP address
Class A-2^31
Class B-2^30
Class C-2^29
Class D-2^28
Class E-2^28
No of networks
Class A-2^7-2
Class B-2^14
Class C-2^21
Each networks size
Class A-2^24
Class B-2^16
Class C-2^8
No of host= 2^hid -2
Casting
1.Unicast
2.Multicast
3.Broadcast
* Unicast-one to one transmission
data sip dip
* Broadcast- 1.limited broadcasting (255.255.255.255) same circle
data sip 255.255.255.255
2.Direct broadcasting (nid.255...) different circle (one to many) all
data sip nid.255... (hid all set to 1)
* Multicasting-(one to many)some
Big network causes
1. Management issues
2.Security issues
So 1 network is divided into many networks -subnetting
1.identify network
2.identify subnet
3.identify host
4.identify process
The steps will increase with subnetting but that's not big disadvantage.
First IP address-NID
Last IP address-DBA
Subnet masks
No of 1's NID+SID
No of 0's HID
Bitwise AND for getting SID (HID and NID)
Routing tables - Router knows where it needs to send the packet.
Same Size-Same network mask
ISP provides 1.dns
2.default router
3.subnet mask
If machine is present in same network then we can directly or we use router if present in different network.
Subnet mask is an illusion.
|
|
Notes is a web-based application for online taking notes. You can take your notes and share with others people. If you like taking long notes, notes.io is designed for you. To date, over 8,000,000,000+ notes created and continuing...
With notes.io;
- * You can take a note from anywhere and any device with internet connection.
- * You can share the notes in social platforms (YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, instagram etc.).
- * You can quickly share your contents without website, blog and e-mail.
- * You don't need to create any Account to share a note. As you wish you can use quick, easy and best shortened notes with sms, websites, e-mail, or messaging services (WhatsApp, iMessage, Telegram, Signal).
- * Notes.io has fabulous infrastructure design for a short link and allows you to share the note as an easy and understandable link.
Fast: Notes.io is built for speed and performance. You can take a notes quickly and browse your archive.
Easy: Notes.io doesn’t require installation. Just write and share note!
Short: Notes.io’s url just 8 character. You’ll get shorten link of your note when you want to share. (Ex: notes.io/q )
Free: Notes.io works for 14 years and has been free since the day it was started.
You immediately create your first note and start sharing with the ones you wish. If you want to contact us, you can use the following communication channels;
Email: [email protected]
Twitter: http://twitter.com/notesio
Instagram: http://instagram.com/notes.io
Facebook: http://facebook.com/notesio
Regards;
Notes.io Team
