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The rows/periods: the number of energy levels (electron cloud layers) in the atom. can only go to 7
The columns/groups: the number of valance electrons (electrons in the last energy level); does not appy for 3-12 as they are transitional metals and only have 1-2 valance electrons; for anything above 12 you must subtract 12 from the group number to get the number of valance electrons (helium only has 2 because it only has 2 electrons)
Isotope: carbon-20 makes the carbon isotopes new atomic mass; subtract the number of protons from the new atomic mass to get the neutrons
Ion: new number of electrons; when the atom loses electrons it becomes a positive atom and when it gains electrons it becomes a negative atom;no longer an atom
Discovery of the ATOM
Democritus: said all things were made up of particles that are "uncuttable" and named them the atom after the greek word atomos
Dalton: atomic theory man: atoms of the same
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