Notes

Cell metabolism | microorganisms promote nad synthesis in mammals through metabolic bypass
PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline quinone),

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential coenzyme in all cells. As a coenzyme that transmits electrons, it participates in hundreds of metabolic reactions and plays an irreplaceable role in controlling cell energy metabolism, genome stability, immune response, biological cycle and aging [1-3]. However, the mechanism of intracellular nad metabolism controlled by environmental factors is not clear.
Figure 1 nad metabolic pathway in mammalian cells
The study of intracellular nad homeostasis has important application significance. For example, cancer cells need to produce a large amount of ATP in order to maintain rapid proliferation, and NAD is necessary for the synthesis of ATP. Therefore, many cancer cells highly express the amide pathway limiting enzyme Nampt. Therefore, Nampt is one of the important targets of antitumor drugs [6,7]. On the other hand, the concentration of NAD gradually decreases with age [8]. A series of studies in recent years have shown that several nad synthesis precursors in the amide pathway such as nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), nicotinamide riboside (NR)) can effectively increase the concentration of NAD in animal models and prevent or delay a series of senile diseases, Therefore, NMN and NR have recently been recommended as "magic drugs" for anti-aging by the nutrition academic community. In these experiments, it is considered that NMN and NR bypass the speed limiting stage of Nampt through the amide path, so as to increase the nad concentration [9].
On March 3, 2020, the research group of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), together with Jason Williams, director of the mass spectrometry platform and Jason locasale, Professor of Duke University, published the bacterioboost mammalian hostnadmetabolisbyengaging the deamidd in the journal cell metabolism. This study shows for the first time that, Using metabonomics, stable isotope tracking technology and sterile mouse model, bacteria, especially intestinal microorganisms, can promote the synthesis of NAD in mammalian cells and tissues through unconventional alternative deamidation pathway, which further shows that, The intestinal microbial mediated deamidation nad synthesis pathway is the main mechanism for the up regulation of NAD concentration in mammalian tissues and cells by oral nad synthesis precursors such as Nr.
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