Notes

Write a note in this area. It's really easy to share with o.Analyze data to determine their validity and reliability
.predict trends in data from charts and graphs
.examine data to draw inferences and formulate conclusions

.different scientific designs follow a similar method
.good design and repeatability ensure valid results
.repetition reduces mistakes and increases confidence in the results
.replication should produce the same results

data must be reliable and consistent
accuracy is the closeness of measured values to the accepted value
precision is the closeness of measured values to other measured values
reproducibility is the ability of data to be duplicated

WHY ARE DATA ANALZYED
Good scientific designs are repeatable and produce reliable and consistent results or data. Scientists study these data carefully to draw conclusions about their experiments. Next you will determine the validity of data so that conclusions can be made. Good scientific designs produce valid data. Whether they are qualitative or quantitative data, scientists must organize and evaluate data to determine their validity.

VALID VS INVALID DATA
Valid data can be verified and reproduced by the researcher and other scientists.
Invalid data may result from:

.inadequate data: this means not enough data was collected to accurately represent what is true or real to life

.false data: due to an error in the procedure or data what were fake or misplaced

.measurement or recording errors: an error in the measurement such as measuring from the end of a ruler rather then at the zero mark. or a recording error such as writing 1/2 instead of 1/4.

.the inability to reproduce data: Due to an error in the procedure or the way that it was communicated.

DATA ANALYSIS
Qualitative data: can be observed but not measured.
quantitative data: are numerical data that can be measured. often has numbers

WORDS TO KNOW
Analyze
Graph
Linear
Nonlinear
Probability

Once data are collected and organized they are analyzed, that means data is carefully studied. Next draw conclusions about the meaning of the data and how they are related .

LINE GRAPHS
Line graphs show changes over a period of time
.the x-axis displays time period (on the bottom)
.the y-axis shows what is being measured (on the side)

.they may be linear or nonlinear

BAR GRAPHS
bar graphs compare quantities for particular categories.
.Used to see relationships quickly

PIE GRAPHS
pie graphs show the relationship among parts of a whole.

SCATTERPLOTS
scatterplots show the relationship between two sets of data.

HISTOGRAMS
Histograms represent the distribution of data
.groups numbers into ranges

FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS
frequency distributions group data into categories and show how often a particular value occurs.

PROBABILITY
.Probability is the likelihood that a given event with occur
.Portability=Number of desired outcomes | Total numbers of outcomes
.Probabilities have a value between 0 and 1.

0 = impossible
1/2 = equally likely
1 = certain

KEY CONCEPTS
.valid data can be verified and reproduced by the researcher and other scientists
.invalid data may result from Inadequate data, false data, measurement or recording errors, or the inability to reproduce data.

.Graphs are visual representations that display data in a variety of ways.

.Line graphs show changes over time
.Bar graphs compare the quantities for particular categories
.Pie graphs show the relationship among parts of a whole
.Scatterplots show the relationship between two sets of data
.Histograms represent the distribution of data
.Frequency distributions group data into categories and show how often a particular value occursthers. Click here ...