Notes

Chapter 2: THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES

FOREIGN LITERATURE: BITTER GOURD
According to my research, M. Charantia (also known as bitter gourd) is a tropical and subtropical plant that belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family. M. Charantia is planted for its edible flowers, young shoots, and fruits. Phosphorus, iron, and vitamins A and C are abundant in the young fruits (Grover and Yadav, 2004). The non-toxic glycoside momordicine, which has been used as traditional medicine for millennia, is responsible for its distinct bitterness. Bitter melon has been the subject of numerous research, with strong pharmacological activity revealed in a number of experimental paradigms. Bitter melon promotes glucose absorption by increasing the renewal of beta-cells in the pancreas or assisting in the healing of partially injured beta-cells (Ahmed et al., 1998). (Welihinda et al., 1986). Several bitter melon compounds (such as alpha- and beta-momorcharin, lectin, and MAP 30) have shown antiviral action in vitro (Beloin et al., 2005; Foa-Tomasi et al., 1982; Grover and Yadav, 2004). Leaf extracts have been shown to have broad-spectrum antibacterial action (Grover and Yadav, 2004).

The newly developed variety of M. charantia L. Hualien No.1 is fast growing, attains early maturity, has short lifespan (110–130 days), and is high yielding and disease resistant. Since most of the bitter gourd species are prone to interspecific hybridization and seeds are produced in the natural habitat, there are chances of inbreeding depression. Thus, micropropagation may be a significant approach to conserve the genotype. Attempts have been already made in cross-pollinated wood apple (Aegle marmelos L.) to conserve the genotype through multiple shoot regeneration (Das et al., 2008). An efficient method of regeneration through shoot apex and nodal segment has been developed by Liu et al. (2011) (Fig. 2A and B). The explants developed adventitious shoots when cultured on MS medium supplemented with 3% sucrose and 1.0 mg/l BA. The shoot apex and nodal segment became unresponsive to adventitious bud formation when 1.0 mg/l TDZ was used with 0.1 mg/l NAA. Regenerated shoots (∼ 1 cm) were excised and transferred into a 500-ml conical flask containing 100 ml ½ × MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of IBA (indole butyric acid) and NAA. Rooting was achieved in half strength MS basal medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l IBA (Fig. 2C). A high survival rate of plants (100%) was achieved on their transfer to a mixture containing turf soil:pearl stone:vermiculite (3:1:1), and the plants were kept in the growth chamber under high light intensity of 100 μmol/m2 s for 16 h photoperiod at 22/16 °C light/dark with 80% relative humidity for 2 weeks for hardening (Fig. 2D). Acclimatized hardened plants were later transferred to greenhouse for further growth (Fig. 2E). The established in vitro regeneration system may be used in the future to conserve the genotype of this newly developed variety of bitter gourd.

SOURCE:(https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/bitter-gourd)Well-known for its bitter)


LOCAL LITERATURE: BITTER GOURD
Ampalaya is a herbaceous, climbing vine that grows up to five meters tall and is well-known for its bitter edible fruit. Heart-shaped leaves and green oblong-shaped fruits characterize this plant. Several health problems are treated with leaves, fruits, and roots.

Ampalaya Medicinal Uses:

The juice derived from the leaves can help with coughs, pneumonia, wound healing, and intestinal parasites.
Fruit juice can help with diarrhea and chronic colitis.
Hemorrhoids, rheumatism, abdominal pain, psoriasis, and urethral discharges can all be treated with a decoction of roots and seeds.
Eczema, jaundice, and scalds are treated with pounded leaves.
Fever can be treated using a decoction of leaves.
According to recent research, the bitter fruit includes plant insulin, which may help it lower blood sugar levels. Ampalaya is a supplement that diabetics should take.