Notes

Genetically modified crops provide greater benefits than weeds

Herbicide resistance may confer an advantage on plants in the wild.

Weedy rice may absorb transgenes derived from genetically modified rice by cross-pollinating. Credit: Xiao Yang
One common genetic-modification method employed to make crops resistant to herbicides was shown to have advantages over the weedy varieties of rice. This finding suggests that these changes could be detrimental to the environment beyond farms.

A variety of crops are genetically engineered to be resistant to the glyphosate. This herbicide, first known as Roundup it was released into the market in 1996 under the tradename Roundup. This glyphosate resistance enables farmers to eradicate the majority of weeds from the fields without causing damage to their crop.

Glyphosate acts as an inhibitor of plant growth. It blocks an enzyme known EPSP synthase. ラウンドアップ 雨上がり plays a role in the creation of specific amino acids as well as other molecule. These substances can account for up to 35% of the plant's mass. Genetic modification, for instance, the Roundup Ready crops manufactured by Monsanto in St. Louis, Missouri, involves inserting genes to a crop's genetic code in order to increase EPSP production. These genes usually come from bacteria that has affected the plants.

ラウンドアップ is able to endure the negative effects of glyphosate because it has an additional EPSP-synthase. Biotechnology labs attempted to utilize plant genes to boost EPSP synthase activity. This was done in part to make use of a loophole that is in US law that allows regulatory approval for transgenes in organisms which have not come from pests caused by bacteria.

There aren't many studies that have examined the possibility that transgenes like those that confer glyphosate resistance are able to -- once they are wild or weedy relatives by cross-pollination, make plants more competitive for survival and reproduction. "The traditional expectation is that any transgene could cause disadvantage in the wild in the absence of any selection pressure because the extra machinery would decrease the fitness of the plant," says Norman Ellstrand an expert in plant genetics at the University of California in Riverside.

Lu Baorong is an ecologist at Fudan University Shanghai. His study shows that resistance to glyphosate is a major fitness benefit, even if it isn't applied.

Lu and coworkers modified the cultivars of rice to increase the production of EPSP synthase. The modified rice was then crossed with a wild ancestor.

The team then let the offspring of crossbreeding to cross-breed to create second-generation hybrids. They were genetically identical except for the amount of EPSP synthase genes they carried. Likely, the ones with more copies expressed greater amounts of the enzyme and produced more of the amino acid tryptophan than the unmodified ones.

ラウンドアップ found that transgenic hybrids produced 48-125percent more seeds per plant, had greater rates of photosynthesis and more shoots than those that were not transgenic.

Lu believes that making rice that is weedy less competitive can make it more difficult for farmers whose plots are invaded by the pest.

Brian Ford Lloyd, a UK plant scientist, has said that the EPSP Synthase gene is able to get into wild rice species. This would threaten the genetic diversity of their species, which is extremely crucial. "This is an example of the very real negative consequences [of GM plantson the surroundings."

The general public believes that genetically engineered plants with more copies or microorganisms' genes are less risky than those with only their own genes. Lu says, "Our study shows this is not always the case."

According to ラウンドアップ al3 suggests that the future regulation of genetically engineered plants should be reviewed. ラウンドアップ 朝露 claims that some people believe biosafety regulations can be relaxed given the past over two years of genetic engineering. The study revealed that the newest products should be carefully evaluated.


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