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Different types of socialization contexts and selfconstruals have been shown to exist in Turkey (Imamoˇglu, 1987, 2003).
Fans show ingroup favoritism against fellow fans while behaving derogatory against rival teams' fans thus with these acts they strengthen the self-esteem (Crocker & Luhtanen, 1990; Crocker, Thompson, McGraw, & Ingerman, 1987; Oakes & Turner, 1980).
Wann, D.L., Dolan, T.J. Spectators’ Evaluations Of Rival And Fellow Fans. Psychol Rec 44, 351–358 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03395919
Crocker, J., & Luhtanen, R. (1990). Collective self-esteem and ingroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(1), 60–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.1.60
Crocker, J., Thompson, L. L., McGraw, K. M., & Ingerman, C. (1987). Downward comparison, prejudice, and evaluations of others: Effects of self-esteem and threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(5), 907–916. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.5.907
Oakes, P. J., & Turner, J. C. (1980). Social categorization and intergroup behaviour: Does minimal intergroup discrimination make social identity more positive? European Journal of Social Psychology, 10(3), 295–301. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420100307
Wann, D. L., & Dolan, T. J. (1994). Spectator's evaluations of rival and fellow fans. The Psychological Record, 44(3), 351–358.
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