Notes

They are nouns that describe a state of molecules sticking together. The difference between them is that adhesion refers to the clinging of unlike molecules and cohesion refers to the clinging of like molecules.

Water molecules forming hydrogen bonds with one another. The partial negative charge on the O of one molecule can form a hydrogen bond with the partial positive charge on the hydrogens of other molecules. Water molecules are also attracted to other polar molecules and to ions.

The formation of hydrogen bonds is categorized as cohesion because it causes molecules to want to stick together, or become cohesive.

Surface tension could be defined as the property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of the water molecules.

On the molecular level, when in solid form (liquid water), particles have less energy/movement but the particles have more energy and are more spread out in gas form (water vapor). When water is in its solid state (ice), the water molecules are packed close together preventing it from changing shape.

We saw that solids and liquids have high densities because their particles are packed closely together, whereas gases have low densities because their particles are very far apart.

Water is called the universal solvent because more substances dissolve in water than in any other chemical. This has to do with the polarity of each water molecule.