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In the 1970s, the period of high growth enjoyed after the Second World War came to an abrupt end, leaving very high inflation. Further compounding the problem, the first oil crisis in 1973 plunged the world economy into stagflation. In the monetary system, the role of the IMF collapsed when the Bretton Woods system broke down in 1971 and the major industrialized countries failed to find a way to coordinate their exchange rate policies within the IMF framework. Instead, the major currencies floated and industrialized countries began to discuss mon­etary issues among themselves in groups such as the Group of Seven, which first met in 1975. In the trading system, cooperation had steadily grown in negotiations under the auspices of the GATT. However, in the 1970s, countries began using new pro­tectionism to keep out the com­petitive imports from successful developing countries.

Sekitar tahun 1970s, terjadi inflasi tinggi karena periode pertumbuhan setelah Perang Dunia II telah berakhir. Inflasi tersebut semakin parah karena terjadi krisis minyak pada tahun 1973, menyebabkan ekonomi dunia jatuh ke stagflasi. Hal ini memberikan efek pula ke beberapa bidang, seperti moneter, industri, dan sistem perdagangan. Dalam sistem moneter, peran IMF runtuh karena sistem Bretton Woods mengalami kejatuhan pada tahun 1971, menyebabkan negara-negara besar tidak dapat menemukan cara untuk mengoordinasikan kebijakan nilai tukar uang. Sebaliknya, mata uang utama mengambang dan negara-negara industri mulai membahas masalah moneter tersebut dalam kelompok tertentu, contohnya Kelompok Tujuh atau Group of Seven (G7) yang beranggotakan Amerika Serikat, Jepang, Jerman, Inggris, Prancis, Italia, dan Kanada. Kemudian, sekitar tahun tersebut, negara mulai menggunakan sistem proteksionisme baru untuk mencegah terjadinya persaingan impor dari negara-negara berkembang yang sukses.

An egregious example of the new protectionism was the Multifiber Arrangement of 1974, which placed restrictions on all textile and apparel imports from developing countries, blatantly violating the GATT principle of non-discrimination. Against this background, developing countries strengthened their 1970s concerted campaign in the United Nations General Assembly for a New International Economic Order. They were bolstered by the success of OPEC oil-producing developing countries in raising oil prices in 1973. The developing countries' push for reform of the international economic system was grounded in a different way of thinking about IPE. Dependency theory and structuralist theories of international economic relations highlighted negative aspects of interdepen­dence. Their central concern was to answer why so many countries in the world economy remained under­developed, in spite of the promises of modernization and global growth.

Sistem proteksionisme baru dapat dibilang cukup mengerikan, contohnya Pengaturan Multifiber tahun 1974, sistem ini membatasi semua impor tekstil dan pakaian jadi dari negara berkembang dan secara terang-terangan telah melanggar prinsip non-diskriminasi GATT. Karena hal tersebut, negara-negara berkembang mulai memperkuat kampanye mereka pada tahun 1970-an di Sidang Umum PBB untuk Tatanan Ekonomi Internasional Baru. Dorongan keinginan reformasi sistem ekonomi internasional dari negara-negara berkembang didasari oleh cara berpikir yang berbeda tentang IPE, mereka lebih mengutamakan perhatian untuk menjawab pertanyaan, mengapa banyak negara di dunia yang ekonominya tetap terbelakang, terlepas dari janji modernisasi dan pertumbuhan global.

The United Nations General Assembly was an obvious institution for developing countries to choose in making their case since, unlike the IMF or World Bank, it offers every country one vote. The UNGA had no power to implement the agenda of the developing countries. Although many industrialized countries were sympa­thetic to the developing countries' case in the 1970s, these governments did not act on the agenda at the time and by the 1980s a new set of governments with a dis­tinctly less sympathetic ideology had come to power in the USA, the UK, and Western Germany.

Negara-negara berkembang diberikan kebebasan untuk memilih dalam mengajukan kasus mereka dalam lembaga Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa, namun ternyata Majelis Umum tidak memiliki kekuatan untuk melaksanakan agenda tersebut. Pemerintah tidak bertindak sesuai agenda, walaupun banyak negara industri yang bersimpati pada kasus negara-negara berkembang, hal ini juga disebabkan karena adanya kekuasaan pemerintahan dan ideologi baru yang kurang simpatik di Amerika Serikat, Inggris, dan Jerman Barat.

During the 1960s and 1970s, US and European deregulation led to the rise of global capital markets and an explosion oflending to developing country governments. The IMF was immediately called in to prevent any developing country defaulting on these loans, since it was feared that such a default would cause a global financial crisis. The debt crisis thrust the IMF into a repayment­ enforcing role, ensuring that indebted countries under­took structural adjustment. Advocates of these policies were soon labelled 'neo­liberals' and contrasted with Keynesians who advocated an active and interventionist government role in the econ­omy in order to ensure both growth and equity.

Deregulasi AS dan Eropa yang terjadi selama tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an telah membangkitkan pasar modal global dan terjadi ledakan pinjaman kepada pemerintahan negara berkembang. IMF ditugaskan untuk mencegah negara berkembang yang gagal membayar pinjaman karena ada kekhawatiran default semacam ini dapat menyebabkan krisis keuangan global, krisis hutang ini juga menyebabkan IMF berperan dalam penegakan pembayaran pinjaman dan memastikan bahwa negara-negara yang memiliki hutang untuk melakukan penyesuaian struktural.

The 1990s brought the end of the cold war, and the challenge of how to integrate Central and Eastern European countries and the former Soviet Union into the global economy. The IMF and World Bank had to expand their toolkit and embrace a broader and deeper view of reform aimed at promoting 'good governance' in member countries. The impact would be felt in subsequent years as the IMF's lend­ing role waned in most emerging market economies and they in turn took their place in a G20 of finance ministers. At the same time, the newly established World Trade Organization began operations in 1995, open­ing up a new forum within which a broad range of international issues would be negotiated, including not just traditional trade issues but such things as intel­lectual property rights, trade-related investment mea­sures, and food safety standards.

Perang dingin dan tantangan integrasi ekonomi global bagi negara-negara Eropa Tengah, Timur, dan bekas Uni Soviet telah berakhir pada tahun 1990-an. IMF dan Bank Dunia harus memperluas perangkat mereka dan merangkul pandangan reformasi yang lebih luas dan lebih dalam, hal ini bertujuan untuk mempromosikan 'tata pemerintahan yang baik' di negara-negara anggotanya. Dampaknya mulai terasa di tahun-tahun berikutnya, seperti peran pinjaman IMF yang berkurang di sebagian besar ekonomi pasar berkembang, serta negara-negara diberi giliran untuk mengambil tempat di dalam Menteri Keuangan G20. Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia (WTO) didirikan dan mulai beroperasi pada tahun 1995, organisasi ini menyediakan forum baru untuk membahas dan menegosiasikan berbagai masalah internasional, mulai dari perdagangan tradisional, hak kekayaan intelektual, perdagangan langkah-langkah investasi, dan standar keamanan pangan.

In September 2003, during global trade negotiations in Mexico, a group of twenty countries, including Brazil, South Africa, India, and China, resisted the powerful USA and European Union and refused to engage unless some of their terms were heeded. As world energy consumption grew, so too did the power of countries supplying energy resources. In Venezuela, this led to a rhetoric of renewed Third Worldism not seen since the 1 970s. Meanwhile, across most industrialized countries, calls for greater efforts to reduce climate-changing emissions became ever stronger. For scholars of International Relations, the twenty-first century brought serious questions about how international institutions might assist not only in managing new challenges in the global economy, but equally in managing a shift in power among the states that make up-and make work-the existing institutions.

Pada bulan September 2003, sekelompok dua puluh negara (seperti Brasil, Afrika Selatan, India, dan Cina) melawan Amerika Serikat dan Uni Eropa, mereka menolak untuk terlibat dalam negosiasi perdagangan global, kecuali beberapa persyaratan yang mereka berikan akan dipertimbangkan. Pergeseran kekuasaan ini semakin dipercepat karena adanya krisis keuangan pada tahun 2008, menyebabkan negara berkembang memperkuat negaranya masing-masing dan menyatukan mereka dalam diplomasi baru, yaitu G20. Sementara itu, di sebagian besar negara industri, seruan untuk upaya yang lebih besar untuk mengurangi emisi yang mengubah iklim menjadi semakin kuat. Bagi para sarjana Hubungan Internasional, abad kedua puluh satu membawa pertanyaan serius tentang bagaimana lembaga internasional dapat membantu tidak hanya dalam mengelola tantangan baru dalam ekonomi global, tetapi juga dalam mengelola pergeseran kekuasaan di antara negara-negara yang membentuk dan mengelola institusi yang ada.
     
 
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