Notes

Hello everyone, welcome to the Langfocus channel,

and my name is Paul.

Today, I’m going to answer the question

“Is English really a Germanic language?”.

If you’ve seen any of my videos on Germanic languages,

like my Afrikaans video, like my Dutch video, like my German video,
or like my North Germanic languages video,

then you probably saw that English is also a Germanic language.

But a lot people write comments expressing
some confusion over this:

they write things like “Paul, are you sure
it’s a Germanic language?

Are you sure it’s not a Romance language?”.

Well, that’s a good question.

If a native English speaker who had never learned
another language before had a look at a page of French

and then had a look at a page of German or Dutch,

they would probably be able to understand
more of the page of French.

Or, if they had a look at a page of Spanish
or a page of Italian,

they would probably be able to pick out a lot of words
that they recognize.

But, on the other hand, if they looked at
a page of Dutch or German,

they probably wouldn’t be able to pick out as many
without deciphering the words a little bit first.

So in that case, why is English a Germanic language
and not a Romance language?

In the field of linguistics, languages are categorized
according to their genetic relationship.

Genetic relationship means that they have a common ancestor,

and therefore, they have some common features
that distinguish them from other groups of languages.

This type of genetic relationship between languages can commonly
be seen in the grammar and syntax of the language.

But, the current vocabulary of the language is not really
taken into account in its categorization.

Even when a language has a huge number of loan words
and its vocabulary changes a lot,

that does not change the categorization of that language.

So, because English developed from Proto-Germanic,
it is a Germanic language,

despite massive changes that have taken place
in its vocabulary.

The vocabulary of English has been highly influenced
by Romance languages-

Romance meaning Latin and any language
that has developed from Latin,

like French, Spanish, Italian, etc.

So, how much has it been influenced?

Well, English vocabulary is 26% Germanic,
and it’s 29% French

--wait, you’re telling me that there’s more French vocabulary
than Germanic vocabulary,

even though it’s a Germanic language?!

That’s odd.

Oh, but wait, there’s also 29% Latin vocabulary.

So, that means, together, 58% of English vocabulary
comes from Romance languages?!

Wow, that’s more than I thought!

Another 6% comes from Greek,

another 4% comes from other languages,

and 4% comes from proper names,

I can’t really think of any vocabulary
that comes from proper names,

aside from...

“randy”…

So if we ignore the origins of English
and its grammar and syntax

and just focus on the vocabulary for a minute,

then English is largely a Romance language.

How did so much Romance vocabulary enter English?

Much of the French vocabulary entered English
after the Norman Conquest of 1066.

The Normans spoke a regional French dialect
called “Old Norman” or “Norman French”.

The upper classes in England spoke French
for around 300 years.

English was influenced by the Norman French dialect,
but also by Parisian French

due to its prestige and cultural influence
in the following centuries.

Huge amounts of French vocabulary entered English,

and it lost much of its Old English vocabulary.


But in many cases, there are pairs of equivalent
Germanic and French vocabulary.

But within those pairs, there’s often a slightly different meaning
or usage for the Germanic word and for the French word.

An interesting example are the pairs of words representing animals,

vs. foods that come from those animals.

The animals are represented by Germanic words,

and the foods are represented by French loanwords.

For example, “cow” comes from Old English “cū”,

but “beef” comes from French “boeuf”.

“Pig” comes from Old English “picga”,

but “pork” comes from French “porc”,

but I don’t know what the pronunciation would’ve been
like in Norman French.

“Sheep” comes from Old English “sceap”,

but “mutton” comes from Old French “mouton”.

“Snail” comes from Old English “snægl”,

and “escargot” comes from Norman French “escargot”.

French also influenced English
because of its huge cultural influence on Europe

from the Renaissance period to the end of the 19th century,

and even now to some extent.

But it’s not just French,

there’s also a lot of Latin vocabulary.

Some Latin entered Germanic dialects
in their early days,

through contact with the Roman empire.

On top of that, some Christian missionaries were present
in Britain in the 6th and 7th centuries,

and they introduced some Latin religious vocab into English.

Many Latin words were also borrowed
during the Renaissance period,

and also during the scientific revolution
of the 17th and 18th centuries,

when many new words were “coined”,

“coined” meaning “newly created”.

New words were coined from Latin roots, prefixes,
and suffixes to represent new concepts in science,

in technology, and in industry.

So, English is a Germanic language which absorbed a huge number
of French and Latin words?

Yes, basically, but some people have a different theory:

some people think that English is actually a creole language;

there’s something called
“The Middle English Creole Hypothesis”.

There are big differences between Old English
and Middle English;

of course there was the importing
of lots of French vocabulary,

but that alone does not make it a creole language.

But, there were other changes to the grammar
of English which became highly simplified.

There was a lot of simplification,
like the loss of most noun cases,

so that--aside from the possessive form with ’s (apostrophe s)
and the plural form

--most nouns in English don’t have any inflection.

Also, adjectives used to have inflection,
but that disappeared, too.

(Side note): The word “inflection” means:

“changes to a word to represent different
grammatical categories”.

For example, the word “cat”
and “the cat’s paw”.

Here, the ’s (apostrophe s) is a kind of inflection
to show possession,

and we have 1 mouse, but 2 mice.

So here, the word is inflected to show plural.

So let’s take a simple phrase like “The good king”
and look at it in Old English;

in Old English, notice that all three words
in this phrase can change:

in the nominative case “Se goda cyning”,

in the accusative case "þone gōdan cyning”,

in the genitive case “þæs gōdan cyninges”,

in the dative case “þǣm gōdan cyning”.

So the definite article changes, the adjective changes,

and the noun changes depending on the case.

But, the article and adjective also change
depending on the gender,

and the case endings are different
depending on the gender.

Let’s look at a similar phrase, “The good queen”.

“Seo gode cwén”,

“þā gōdan cwéne”,

“þǣre gōdan cwéne”,

“þǣre gōdan cwéne”.

Notice the different feminine form of the definite article
and the adjective.

This is just an example of the grammatical complexity
of Old English,

so you can imagine how much it became simplified.

By the Middle English period,
most of these forms had disappeared or merged together.

So now, we just have a genitive case,
and the others form a common case.

This is the type of simplification
that happens when Creoles arise,

so it’s very possible that Old English
underwent a process of creolization,

inserting lots of French vocabulary into an Old English substrate,
or underlying structure.

But there might have been a different reason
for that simplification of English;

some people don’t believe in the creole hypothesis,

and they point to things like some of the irregular forms
that still exist in English,

like irregular verbs or irregular plural forms.

In a typical creole language,
those forms would have been regularized.

But, of course, creolization is not an all-or-nothing process;

it’s possible that English was partially creolized.

Well, let’s look at a couple of sentences in English,
and let’s look at the influences we can find,

and let’s see if there’s more Germanic
or more Romance influence.

his one’s a newspaper headline:
“Trump, pushing immigration plan,

meets with family of woman killed in 2007”.

“Push”: this word comes from Old French “poulser”,
or Modern French “pousser”.

“Immigration”: this word comes from Latin “immigratum”.

“Plan”: this word comes from the French word “plan”,
which means “map” or “ground plan”.

“Meet”: this comes from Old English “metan”.

“With”: this comes from Old English “wið”.

“Family”: this comes from the Latin “familia”,
according to the source I used,

but there’s also the French word “famille”,
which I suppose could be the source.

“Of”: this word comes from
the Old English “æf”, or “of”.

“Woman”: this comes from
Old English “wimman”, or “wiman”.

“Kill”: this might come from
the Old English “cwellan”, “to quell”.

“In”: this word comes from Latin.

So, out of those ten words, five are Germanic,
and five are Romance words.

But let’s have a look at a more casual sentence,

because I have a feeling that newspaper vocabulary
tends toward Romance vocabulary more than common speech.

“I had lunch with my friend and we read some books”.

“I”: this is Germanic, comes from Old English “iċ”.

“Had”: this is also Germanic,
it comes from Old English “habban”.

“Lunch”: the origin of this one is vague,

but it seems to be from a Modern English dialect word.

“With”: this is from Old English “wið”.

“My”: this is Germanic, it comes from
Middle English “mi”, or “min”.

“Friend”: this comes from Old English “freond”.

“And”: this comes from Old English “and”, or “ond”.

“We”: this comes from Old English “we”.

“Read”: this comes from Old English
“rædan”, or “redan”.

“Some”: this comes from Old English “sum”.

“Book”: this comes from Old English “boc”.

So this time, all of the words,
or almost all of the words, are Germanic.

So it’s interesting that the majority of English vocabulary
comes from French or from Latin,

but in the most commonly used words in casual speech,

there tends to be more Germanic vocabulary.

This is a good argument in favor of English being classified
as a Germanic language.

So, do I think that English should be classified
as a Germanic language?

Well, by a linguist’s criteria, yes,

but most people don’t really care
about a linguist’s criteria,

they just care about the practical application,
the practical use of the language.

And in practice, I think the vocabulary
is a very important element of the language,

so I think it’s fair to say that, in practice,

English is a hybrid language:
it’s partly Germanic, part Romance.

But, that’s my personal conclusion.

I’d like to know what you think:

do you think that English should be considered
a Germanic language,

or do you think it seems
more like a Romance language?

Leave your answer in the comments down below.

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Thank you for watching, and have a nice day.

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