Notes

Alaungpaya Dynasty
First Toungoo Empire
The Burmese chieftains then rallied towards the Mon and marched with Alaungpaya upon Ava, which was recovered from the invaders earlier than the close of 1753. Mingyi Nyo's son, King Tabinshwehti, unified most of Burma, consolidating his energy and pushing southward, over-running the Irrawaddy Delta and crushing the Hanthawaddy capital of Bago. In 1544, Tabinshwehti was topped as king of all Burma at the historical capital of Bagan. By this time, the geopolitical state of affairs in Southeast Asia had modified dramatically. The Shan gained power in a brand new kingdom within the north, the Ayutthaya Kingdom had established itself as a suzerain energy around the Chao Phraya river basin, whereas the Portuguese Empire had arrived within the south and conquered Malacca. They have been inspired to marry into the host community thus enriching the gene pool as properly. Even captured French troopers, led by Chevalier Milard, were forced into the Burmese military.
However, his hold on Lan Na and Tenasserim coast was still nominal. The Siamese who originally had been concerned about the rising energy of Restored Hanthawaddy now actively supported the ethnic Mon rebels operating in the higher Tenasserim coast. In December 1759, Alaungpaya and his forty,000-strong armies invaded the Tenasserim coast. They crossed over the Tenasserim Hills, and eventually reached Ayutthaya on eleven April 1760.
Archaeological evidence at Samon Valley south of Mandalay suggests rice growing settlements that traded with China between 500 BC and 200 CE. During the Iron Age, archaeological proof also out of Samon Valley reveal adjustments in infant burial practices that were tremendously influenced by India. These adjustments embody burying infants in jars by which their size depict their family standing. Burmese, the mother tongue of the Bamar and official language of Burma, is expounded to Tibetan and to the Chinese languages. It is written in a script consisting of round and semi-circular letters, which were tailored from the Mon script, which in flip was developed from a southern Indian script in the 8th century. The earliest identified inscriptions in the Burmese script date from the 11th century.
On 助聽器價格 , the Mongol Emperor declared that Kumara Kassapa, considered one of Kyawswa's sons, was the rightful king of Burma, and sent in a 12,000-strong army from Yunnan. The Mongol army reached Male on 15 January 1301, and Myinsaing on 25 January. The besiegers took the bribes given by the three brothers, and began their retreat on 6 April. But the commanders were executed by the Yunnan authorities when they got back. 離婚 despatched no more invasions, and withdrew totally from Upper Burma on four April 1303. The authority of Pagan continued to develop, peaking in the reign of King Narapatisithu (r. 1174–1211).
On 30 May 1568, a dismayed Bayinnaung despatched a military of 6,000 to bolster the defences at Phitsanulok, whose ruler had remained loyal to him. Phitsanulok withstood the siege by joint Siamese and Lan Xang forces till October when the besiegers withdrew to avoid what was to come back. On 27 November 1568, 55,000-strong Burmese armies arrived at Phitsanulok. Reinforced at Phitsanulok, combined armies of 70,000 marched down to Ayutthaya, and laid siege to town in December 1568.
Members of the United Nations and major international human rights organizations have issued repeated and consistent reviews of widespread and systematic human rights violations in Burma. Under the royal household, the nobility administered the federal government, led the armies, and governed large population facilities. The Konbaung Dynasty saved an in depth lineage of Burmese the Aristocracy written on palm leaf manuscripts, peisa, that have been later destroyed by British soldiers. At the native level, the myothugyi, hereditary native elites, administered the townships managed by the kingdom. They have been inspired to marry into the host community, thus enriching the gene pool. Captives from Manipur fashioned the cavalry referred to as Kathè myindat and likewise Kathè a hmyauk tat in the royal Burmese military.
After receiving their complaints, Lord Dalhousie, the governor-general of British India, despatched an emissary to the king requesting compensation and the dismissal of Maung Ok. Pagan complied by changing Maung Ok, however on January 6, 1852, when the new governor declined to meet with a British delegation, all British subjects were evacuated and the coast blockaded. On February 7, Pagan wrote Dalhousie to protest in opposition to the acts of aggression.
Provincial councils consisted of myo saye , nakhandaw , sitke , htaunghmu , ayatgaung , and dagahmu . Each province was divided into districts called myo, each led by a myo okay , or by a myo thugyi . The Viceroy of Pegu was assisted by a quantity of additional officials, together with an akhunwun , akaukwun , and a yewun . In the defence of its realm, the dynasty fought four wars successfully in opposition to the Qing dynasty of China which saw the specter of the enlargement of Burmese power within the East. The Qing dynasty then opened up its markets and restored trading with Burma in 1788 after reconciliation. In particular, sumptuary laws in the royal capital were exceedingly strict and essentially the most elaborate in character.
Finally, in 1885, Thibaw issued a proclamation calling on all his countrymen to liberate Lower Burma from the British. During Bodawpaya’s reign, scholarship flourished, as a end result of self-discipline and stability imposed by a chapter of Sangharajas, or senior monks, charged with the duty of safeguarding the purity of the Sangha. The Order of Monks was unified underneath the Thudhamma sect, Burma grew to become the custodian of Buddhism in the area, and the upasampada ordination was re-introduced to Sri Lanka, the place it established the Amarapura Nikaya. A gigantic 90-ton bell devoted to the stupa, known as the Mingun Bell, was forged between 1808 and 1810. Bodawpaya was a patron of the performing arts; he appointed a minister referred to as Thabin Wun, and established strict regulations by royal decree .
Usually, victims have been selected from a spectrum of social classes, or unfortuitiously apprehended against will in the course of the day of the sacrifice. Women in the latter levels of pregnancy have been most popular, as the sacrifice would yield two guardian spirits instead of one. At Thingyan and at the finish of the Buddhist lent, the king's head was ceremonially washed with water from Gaungsay Gyun (lit. Head Washing Island) between Martaban and Moulmein, near the mouth of the Salween River. After the Second Anglo-Burmese War , purified water from Irrawaddy River was as an alternative procured. This ceremony additionally preceded the earboring, headdressing, and marriage ceremonies of the royal family. The Crown Prince was invested, received appenages and insignias, and was bestowed a mess of gifts. The king also formally appointed a retinue of household employees to oversee the Prince's public and private affairs.
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